Table 2

Effects of neighbourhood characteristics, controls and mediators on cognitive function; Chicago Community Adult Health Study, age 50+ (N=949)

	Unconditional model	+ NB census	+ Individual controls	+ NB resources	+ Physical activity	+ Social interaction
	Model A	Model B	Model C	Model D	Model E	Model F
Fixed effects
Intercept	13.21***	13.31***	18.15***	17.43***	16.85***	13.88***
NB census indicators^†
Socioeconomic disadvantage		−0.45**	0.02	−0.01	−0.01	0.04
Affluence		0.91***	0.28*	0.15	0.14	0.17
% Older adults		−0.18	−0.41**	−0.53**	−0.52**	−0.52**
× Tenure 0–5 years^‡‡‡			0.10	0.16	0.15	0.14
× Tenure 6–10 years^‡‡‡			0.92**	0.97**	0.96**	0.94**
NB resources^†
Recreational centres				0.11	0.11	0.09
Park area (sq. miles)				0.16	0.17	0.17
Institutional resources^‡				1.81***	1.73***	1.73***
× Black^††				−1.74*	−1.70*	−1.82**
× Hispanic^††				−1.72	−1.67	−1.60
× Other race/ethnicity^††				0.79	0.76	1.07
Neighbourhood disorder				−0.23	−0.22	−0.27
Individual factors
Age 60–69^¶			−0.41	−0.49	−0.48	−0.48
Age 70+^¶			−1.47***	−1.50***	−1.44***	−1.37***
Male			−0.63**	−0.72**	−0.71**	−0.46*
Black^††			−1.38***	−0.65	−0.63	−0.37
Hispanic^††			−1.52***	−0.95	−0.96	−0.72
Other race/ethnicity^††			−2.53***	−2.72*	−2.77*	−2.79*
<HS education^‡‡			−2.77***	−2.69***	−2.70***	−2.21***
HS education^‡‡			−1.18***	−1.13***	−1.15***	−0.92**
Income <$15K^§§			−1.01**	−0.85*	−0.81*	−0.68
Income $15–40K^§§			−0.91**	−0.76*	−0.75*	−0.71*
Income missing^§§			−0.74*	−0.59	−0.57	−0.42
Separated/divorced^¶¶			−0.46	−0.55	−0.55	−0.61*
Widowed^¶¶			−1.01**	−1.10***	−1.08***	−1.15***
Never married^¶¶			−0.96*	−1.25***	−1.22**	−1.16**
Unemployed^†††			−0.24	−0.28	−0.27	−0.21
Retired^†††			−0.74*	−0.72*	−0.69*	−0.62*
Homemaker^†††			−1.22**	−1.24**	−1.20**	−1.06*
Health conditions			−0.14*	−0.16**	−0.14*	−0.13*
Residential tenure 0–5 years^‡‡‡			0.12	0.15	0.14	0.23
Residential tenure 6–10 years^‡‡‡			0.02	0.19	0.22	0.27
Individual mediators
Some physical activity^§§§					0.55	0.38
Heavy physical activity^§§§					0.71*	0.49
Social integration						0.53***
Civic engagement						0.57**
Variance components
Intercept (tract level)	4.25***	3.06***	1.91***	1.90***	1.87***	1.96***
ICC	0.29	0.23	0.20	0.19	0.19	0.21
Goodness-of-fit statistics
Pseudo R		0.08	0.30	0.31	0.31	0.33

*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
↵† Grand mean centred.
↵‡ For example, libraries, churches, schools, community centres.
↵¶ Reference group is age 50–59.
↵†† Reference group is white.
↵‡‡ Reference group is college degree or higher (16+ years of education).
↵§§ Reference group is income $40 000 or higher.
↵¶¶ Reference group is married.
↵††† Reference group is employed.
↵‡‡‡ Reference group is residential tenure 10+ years.
↵§§§ Reference group is no physical activity.
HS, high school; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; NB, neighbourhood.