Effect of child's death on parental mortality over time
| Families with children aged 10–17 years | Families with children aged 18–25 years | Families with children aged 26–33 years | Families with children aged 34–41 years | Families with children aged 42–49 years | ||||||
| RR (95% CI) | p Value | RR (95% CI) | p Value | RR (95% CI) | p Value | RR (95% CI) | p Value | RR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Effect on mothers | ||||||||||
| All deaths | ||||||||||
| 1–3 years of follow-up | 1.11 (0.61 to 2.00) | 0.17 | 1.26 (0.99 to 1.61) | 0.06 | 0.73 (0.60 to 0.90) | <0.01 | 0.64 (0.57 to 0.72) | <0.01 | 0.68 (0.64 to 0.72) | <0.01 |
| 4–8 years of follow-up | 1.40 (0.93 to 2.12) | 1.06 (0.87 to 1.30) | 1.02 (0.89 to 1.16) | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.08) | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.05) | |||||
| >8 years of follow-up | 1.33 (0.93 to 1.91) | 1.16 (0.99 to 1.36) | 1.25 (1.13 to 1.38) | 1.19 (1.13 to 1.26) | 1.07 (1.02 to 1.12) | |||||
| Natural deaths | ||||||||||
| 1–3 years of follow-up | 0.69 (0.22 to 2.13) | 0.26 | 1.49 (1.00 to 2.21) | 0.20 | 0.86 (0.66 to 1.13) | <0.01 | 0.65 (0.56 to 0.75) | <0.01 | 0.70 (0.66 to 0.75) | <0.01 |
| 4–8 years of follow-up | 1.40 (0.75 to 2.60) | 1.09 (0.76 to 1.56) | 1.01 (0.83 to 1.22) | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.10) | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.07) | |||||
| >8 years of follow-up | 1.08 (0.61 to 1.91) | 1.17 (0.88 to 1.56) | 1.27 (1.09 to 1.47) | 1.16 (1.08 to 1.25) | 1.08 (1.02 to 1.13) | |||||
| Unnatural deaths | ||||||||||
| 1–3 years of follow-up | 1.43 (0.72 to 2.88) | 0.26 | 1.16 (0.86 to 1.57) | 0.20 | 0.62 (0.46 to 0.83) | <0.01 | 0.63 (0.52 to 0.76) | <0.01 | 0.61 (0.53 to 0.69) | <0.01 |
| 4–8 years of follow-up | 1.41 (0.82 to 2.43) | 1.05 (0.83 to 1.34) | 1.03 (0.87 to 1.23) | 1.00 (0.89 to 1.12) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.06) | |||||
| >8 years of follow-up | 1.57 (0.99 to 2.47) | 1.16 (0.96 to 1.39) | 1.24 (1.09 to 1.41) | 1.24 (1.13 to 1.35) | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.13) | |||||
| Effect on fathers | ||||||||||
| All deaths | ||||||||||
| 1–3 years of follow-up | 0.97 (0.63 to 1.50) | 0.51 | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.18) | 0.26 | 0.60 (0.51 to 0.70) | <0.01 | 0.65 (0.59 to 0.71) | <0.01 | 0.68 (0.64 to 0.73) | <0.01 |
| 4–8 years of follow-up | 1.11 (0.81 to 1.53) | 1.15 (1.00 to 1.31) | 0.88 (0.79 to 0.98) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.07) | 0.98 (0.94 to 1.04) | |||||
| >8 years of follow-up | 1.21 (0.93 to 1.57) | 1.01 (0.90 to 1.14) | 1.10 (1.01 to 1.20) | 1.09 (1.02 to 1.16) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.12) | |||||
| Natural deaths | ||||||||||
| 1–3 years of follow-up | 0.69 (0.31 to 1.54) | 0.67 | 1.02 (0.73 to 1.41) | 0.34 | 0.52 (0.41 to 0.67) | <0.01 | 0.70 (0.62 to 0.78) | <0.01 | 0.68 (0.64 to 0.73) | <0.01 |
| 4–8 years of follow-up | 1.27 (0.80 to 2.01) | 0.97 (0.75 to 1.27) | 0.87 (0.75 to 1.02) | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.10) | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.07) | |||||
| >8 years of follow-up | 1.21 (0.82 to 1.79) | 1.06 (0.86 to 1.32) | 1.15 (1.02 to 1.31) | 1.10 (1.01 to 1.19) | 1.09 (1.01 to 1.17) | |||||
| Unnatural deaths | ||||||||||
| 1–3 years of follow-up | 1.17 (0.70 to 1.94) | 0.67 | 0.96 (0.77 to 1.20) | 0.34 | 0.66 (0.54 to 0.81) | <0.01 | 0.56 (0.48 to 0.66) | <0.01 | 0.67 (0.58 to 0.76) | <0.01 |
| 4–8 years of follow-up | 1.01 (0.66 to 1.55) | 1.22 (1.04 to 1.43) | 0.89 (0.77 to 1.02) | 0.99 (0.90 to 1.10) | 0.91 (0.82 to 1.01) | |||||
| >8 years of follow-up | 1.20 (0.85 to 1.70) | 0.99 (0.86 to 1.14) | 1.06 (0.94 to 1.19) | 1.08 (0.98 to 1.19) | 0.94 (0.82 to 1.06) | |||||
RR is mortality risk ratio (with 95% CI) between exposed and unexposed families, that is, the ratio of the death risk of parents with a deceased child and the death risk of parents with no deceased child, adjusted for effects of all control variables. The p value refers to the Wald statistic of the entire variable and, hence, indicates whether the set of parameters that captures a child's death provides a statistically significant improvement of the model that estimates the parental mortality risk.