Pair-analysis | Multivariate* | |||||
Baseline (mean, SD) | Follow-up (mean, SD) | Difference | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | |
Parenting stress total | ||||||
No-home visit | 35.1 (8.3) | 33.6 (9.0) | −1.54 | −3.17 to 0.09 | Reference | |
Home-visit service for newborn only | 39.3 (8.1) | 37.4 (9.6) | −1.99 | −3.86 to −0.12 | 1.16 | −1.25 to 3.57 |
Home-visit project for all infants only | 34.3 (9.0) | 32.5 (9.1) | −1.74 | −2.86 to −0.62 | −0.50 | −2.44 to 1.43 |
Both home-visit projects | 38.0 (7.4) | 34.4 (8.9) | −3.67 | −6.01 to −1.27 | −1.33 | −4.01 to 1.34 |
p for ANOVA | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.43 | |||
Child-related parenting stress | ||||||
No home visit | 20.1 (5.0) | 18.9 (5.5) | −1.24 | −2.24 to −0.24 | Reference | |
Home-visit service for newborn only | 22.3 (5.4) | 20.6 (5.4) | −1.72 | −2.97 to −0.48 | 0.67 | −0.78 to 2.12 |
Home-visit project for all infants only | 19.2 (5.5) | 18.1 (5.3) | −1.09 | −1.86 to −0.32 | −0.02 | −1.19 to 1.15 |
Both home-visit projects | 21.1 (5.1) | 18.7 (5.1) | −2.40 | −3.73 to −1.07 | −0.61 | −2.22 to 1.01 |
p for ANOVA | 0.001 | 0.025 | 0.40 | |||
Mother-related parenting stress | ||||||
No home visit | 15.0 (4.0) | 14.7 (4.2) | −0.30 | −1.19 to 0.59 | Reference | |
Home-visit service for newborn only | 17.1 (4.2) | 16.8 (5.1) | −0.27 | −1.24 to 0.71 | 0.72 | −0.53 to 1.98 |
Home-visit project for all infants only | 15.1 (4.5) | 14.4 (4.5) | −0.65 | −1.20 to −0.11 | −0.55 | −1.56 to 0.45 |
Both home-visit projects | 16.9 (3.6) | 15.7 (4.5) | −1.27 | −2.59 to 0.05 | −0.70 | −2.09 to 0.70 |
p for ANOVA | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.50 | |||
Social trust | ||||||
No home visit | 2.40 (0.81) | 2.52 (0.76) | 0.11 | −0.02 to 0.24 | Reference | |
Home-visit service for newborn only | 2.29 (0.93) | 2.58 (0.79) | 0.27 | 0.07 to 0.46 | 0.15 | −0.05 to 0.35 |
Home-visit project for all infants only | 2.75 (0.76) | 2.82 (0.79) | 0.06 | −0.03 to 0.16 | 0.06 | −0.10 to 0.22 |
Both home-visit projects | 2.30 (0.79) | 2.32 (0.77) | 0.02 | −0.16 to 0.20 | −0.12 | −0.34 to 0.10 |
p for ANOVA | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.14 | |||
Sense of security | ||||||
No home visit | 2.93 (0.64) | 2.89 (0.75) | −0.04 | −0.20 to 0.11 | Reference | |
Home-visit service for newborn only | 2.97 (0.78) | 2.95 (0.74) | −0.02 | −0.20 to 0.17 | 0.11 | −0.09 to 0.31 |
Home-visit project for all infants only | 3.04 (0.67) | 3.14 (0.63) | 0.10 | 0.01 to 0.20 | 0.11 | −0.05 to 0.27 |
Both home-visit projects | 2.68 (0.67) | 2.73 (0.79) | 0.05 | −0.14 to 0.23 | −0.08 | −0.30 to 0.14 |
p for ANOVA | 0.025 | 0.002 | 0.35 |
Before (N, %) | After (N, %) | Difference (%) | 95% CI | |||
Perceived emotional support scale from others (score 8+) | ||||||
No home visit | 61 (69.3) | 66 (75.9) | 4.7 | −3.3 to 12.6 | Reference | |
Home-visit service for newborn only | 43 (70.5) | 48 (76.2) | 6.8 | −2.7 to 16.3 | 1.97 | 0.61 to 6.38 |
Home-visit project for all infants only | 110 (74.8) | 118 (81.4) | 7.7 | 0.8 to 14.5 | 1.35 | 0.52 to 3.51 |
Both home-visit projects | 29 (70.7) | 33 (78.6) | 10 | 0.3 to 19.7 | 2.01 | 0.50 to 8.18 |
p for χ2 test | 0.80 | 0.74 | 0.89 |
Values in bold are significant at the p=0.05 level.
↵* Adjusted for mother's age, working status when pregnant, child's sex, child's age (week), preterm, number of children at home, type of house, city, duration of years living in the current city, living with relatives, subjective socioeconomic status, parenting stress scale at 1 month, social trust at 1 month, sense of security at 1 month, perceived emotional support from others at 1 month (score 8+ or not).ANOVA, analysis of variance.