Results from two-level multivariate regression models
| Use of modern contraception | Use of ANC | Use of SBA | ||||
| Model 1† | Model 2†† | Model 1† | Model 2†† | Model 1† | Model 2†† | |
| OR (CI) | OR (CI) | OR (CI) | OR (CI) | OR (CI) | OR (CI) | |
| Fixed effect | ||||||
| Community-level variables | ||||||
| CHW presence | ||||||
| No CHW (reference group) | ||||||
| At least one female CHW | 1.63** (1.20 to 2.20) | 1.61** (1.21 to 2.15) | 2.81*** (1.91 to 4.10) | 2.71*** (1.87 to 3.92) | 1.82** (1.20 to 2.75) | 1.75** (1.18 to 2.58) |
| Only male CHW | 1.07 (0.72 to 1.60) | 1.17 (0.80 to 1.72) | 0.79 (0.45 to 1.38) | 0.8 (0.46 to 1.39) | 0.98 (0.58 to 1.67) | 1.03 (0.62 to 1.71) |
| Average walking time to nearest health facility from each EU | ||||||
| <2 h (reference group) | ||||||
| 2 to <3 h | 0.51** (0.33 to 0.77) | 0.58* (0.38 to 0.89) | 0.48** (0.29 to 0.80) | 0.58* (0.34 to 0.97) | 0.27*** (0.15 to 0.49) | 0.38** (0.21 to 0.67) |
| 3 to <4 h | 0.35*** (0.20 to 0.63) | 0.39** (0.22 to 0.68) | 0.24** (0.09 to 0.61) | 0.32* (0.13 to 0.79) | 0.33* (0.11 to 0.95) | 0.56 (0.20 to 1.59) |
| ≥4 h | 0.52** (0.33 to 0.83) | 0.63* (0.40 to 0.97) | 0.27*** (0.16 to 0.47) | 0.32*** (0.18 to 0.55) | 0.18*** (0.10 to 0.33) | 0.24*** (0.14 to 0.43) |
| Household- and individual-level variables | ||||||
| Wealth status | ||||||
| Poorest 40% (reference group) | ||||||
| Middle 40% | 1.22 (0.97 to 1.52) | 1.48** (1.13 to 1.94) | 1.88*** (1.38 to 2.56) | |||
| Least poor 20% | 1.94*** (1.48 to 2.53) | 1.77** (1.27 to 1.94) | 3.35*** (2.31 to 4.86) | |||
| Mother's age | ||||||
| <20 yrs (reference group) | ||||||
| 20–24 yrs | 1.30 (0.85 to 1.98) | 0.81 (0.61 to 1.07) | 0.94 (0.67 to 1.32) | |||
| 25–29 yrs | 1.55 (0.98 to 2.44) | 0.62** (0.44 to 0.88) | 0.87 (0.58 to 1.32) | |||
| 30–34 yrs | 1.97** (1.22 to 3.17) | 0.74 (0.48 to 1.15) | 0.86 (0.52 to 1.42) | |||
| 35–49 yrs | 1.69* (1.05 to 2.72) | 0.54** (0.35 to 0.84) | 0.81 (0.47 to 1.42) | |||
| Mother's education | ||||||
| No education (reference group) | ||||||
| Some education | 1.42* (1.05 to 1.92) | 1.93** (1.28 to 2.91) | 1.90** (1.22 to 2.96) | |||
| Parity | ||||||
| ≤2 children (reference group) | ||||||
| 3 to 4 children | 1.77*** (1.33 to 2.36) | 1.00 (0.74 to 1.34) | 0.62** (0.45 to 0.85) | |||
| 5 to 7 children | 2.21*** (1.60 to 3.05) | 1.08 (0.78 to 1.51) | 0.68 (0.46 to 1.00) | |||
| >7 children | 1.91** (1.32 to 2.78) | 1.41 (0.93 to 2.14) | 1.16 (0.73 to 1.87) | |||
| Other women in household | ||||||
| No other married woman (ref. group) | ||||||
| 1–2 other married woman | 0.81 (0.65 to 1.01) | 1.05 (0.82 to 1.35) | 0.9 (0.70 to 1.17) | |||
| 2 or more other married women | 0.94 (0.63 to 1.43) | 0.54* (0.33 to 0.88) | 0.54* (0.31 to 0.92) | |||
| Random effect | ||||||
| Variance (Ψ) of the random intercept (SE) | 1.12 (0.13) | 0.99 (0.13) | 1.69 (0.24) | 1.59 (0.24) | 1.76 (0.29) | 1.43 (0.25) |
| Intraclass correlation (ρ) | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.30 |
| −2 log likelihood (random intercept model) | −2602.27 | −2500.52 | −1686.28 | −1639.22 | −1335.06 | −1274.5 |
| −2 log likelihood (ordinary logistic regression model) | −2623.4 | −1764.7 | −1350.0 | |||
| N | 6339 | 6269 | 3098 | 3098 | 3118 | 3118 |