Intent-to-treat analysis of outcome change scores (post-baseline) for evaluable participants stratified by intervention group (n=360)
| Outcome variable | Intervention group | N | Baseline, mean (SD) | Post, mean (SD) | Adjusted change, mean (SEM) | p Value* (one-sided) |
| SF-36 V. 2 | ||||||
| Physical function | Treatment | 187 | 38.60 (12.06) | 39.84 (12.70) | 1.04 (0.82) | 0.09 |
| Control | 173 | 38.62 (12.35) | 38.81 (12.11) | −0.12 (0.80) | ||
| Role physical | Treatment | 187 | 40.63 (11.72) | 40.78 (11.37) | 0.66 (0.82) | 0.18 |
| Control | 173 | 41.73 (10.10) | 40.72 (9.94) | −0.15 (0.82) | ||
| Bodily pain | Treatment | 187 | 42.75 (11.60) | 44.62 (11.20) | 2.76 (0.83) | 0.02 |
| Control | 173 | 44.53 (11.30) | 44.38 (11.86) | 0.89 (0.82) | ||
| General health | Treatment | 187 | 44.74 (10.10) | 46.19 (9.85) | 1.14 (0.70) | 0.25 |
| Control | 173 | 44.75 (10.17) | 45.74 (10.48) | 0.61 (0.69) | ||
| Vitality | Treatment | 187 | 50.02 (9.90) | 51.29 (9.85) | 2.31 (0.84) | 0.03 |
| Control | 172 | 50.06 (9.47) | 49.60 (11.23) | 0.59 (0.83) | ||
| Social function | Treatment | 187 | 44.54 (11.75) | 45.36 (11.37) | 1.05 (0.89) | 0.04 |
| Control | 173 | 46.57 (9.75) | 45.00 (11.33) | −0.70 (0.88) | ||
| Role emotional | Treatment | 187 | 39.39 (14.26) | 40.72 (12.95) | 1.30 (1.03) | 0.16 |
| Control | 173 | 41.16 (12.07) | 40.69 (12.86) | 0.21 (1.02) | ||
| Mental health | Treatment | 187 | 47.75 (11.89) | 49.07 (10.70) | 2.31 (0.87) | 0.03 |
| Control | 172 | 47.48 (11.22) | 47.16 (11.81) | 0.48 (0.86) | ||
| Physical composite | Treatment | 187 | 40.83 (10.27) | 41.86 (10.68) | 1.02 (0.65) | 0.09 |
| Control | 172 | 41.51 (10.43) | 41.53 (9.99) | 0.07 (0.64) | ||
| Mental composite | Treatment | 187 | 47.41 (11.80) | 48.64 (10.63) | 1.79 (0.87) | 0.03 |
| Control | 172 | 48.28 (10.46) | 47.45 (12.01) | 0.04 (0.86) | ||
| Life satisfaction-Z | Treatment | 187 | 17.23 (5.68) | 18.00 (5.37) | 0.84 (0.40) | 0.03 |
| Control | 172 | 16.78 (5.70) | 16.85 (5.49) | −0.02 (0.39) | ||
| CES-D Scale | Treatment | 186 | 13.78 (10.80) | 12.47 (9.68) | −1.69 (0.75) | 0.03 |
| Control | 173 | 12.97 (10.54) | 13.53 (11.17) | −0.08 (0.74) | ||
| CERAD-memory | ||||||
| Immediate recall | Treatment | 180† | 4.17 (1.74) | 4.45 (1.63) | 0.26 (0.13) | 0.20 |
| Control | 167 | 4.12 (1.43) | 4.54 (1.43) | 0.38 (0.13) | ||
| Delayed recall | Treatment | 180 | 5.11 (2.25) | 5.05 (2.22) | 0.07 (0.15) | 0.38 |
| Control | 167 | 4.91 (2.18) | 4.86 (2.19) | 0.02 (0.15) | ||
| Recognition | Treatment | 180 | 18.63 (2.03) | 18.37 (2.44) | −0.12 (0.19) | 0.26 |
| Control | 166 | 18.32 (2.20) | 18.14 (2.44) | −0.16 (0.18) | ||
| Visual search | ||||||
| Median reaction time | Treatment | 166 | 1360 (565.4) | 1229 (452.1) | −137 (31.61) | 0.49 |
| Control | 152 | 1348 (639.8) | 1235 (456.4) | −138 (31.04) | ||
| Psychomotor speed | Treatment | 171 | 39.84 (16.25) | 41.71 (17.61) | 1.34 (0.89) | 0.49 |
| Control | 160 | 39.44 (16.55) | 40.21 (18.03) | 1.31 (0.88) | ||
Covariates were (1) baseline value, (2) cohort (1, 2), (3) age (continuous), (4) sex (male, female), (5) race (white, black, Hispanic, Other), (6) education (<high school, high school, some college and college plus), (7) site (graduated care retirement community, senior residence, senior centre—multipurpose, senior centre—parks and recreation), (8) neighbourhood score (1–7), (9) CERAD-recognition, (10) psychomotor speed.
↵* p Values were obtained using analysis of covariance.
↵† Reasons for not completing cognitive testing: visual or other physical impairment or scheduling conflicts.
CES-D Scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CERAD, Consortium to Establish a Registry of Alzheimer's Disease; SF-36 V. 2, Version 2 of the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey.