Analysis of covariate-adjusted outcome change scores for control group participants who crossed over to the intervention (n=137)
| Outcome variable | N | Pre, mean (SD) | Post, mean (SD) | Adjusted change, mean (SEM) | p value* (one-sided) |
| SF-36 V. 2 | |||||
| Physical function | 137 | 38.90 (12.09) | 40.08 (12.04) | 1.18 (0.81) | 0.07 |
| Role physical | 137 | 40.46 (10.34) | 42.30 (9.81) | 1.84 (0.95) | 0.03 |
| Bodily pain | 137 | 44.40 (11.87) | 45.85 (11.06) | 1.45 (0.87) | 0.05 |
| General health | 137 | 45.77 (10.09) | 46.03 (9.24) | 0.27 (0.68) | 0.34 |
| Vitality | 136 | 50.19 (11.32) | 51.77 (9.00) | 1.53 (0.78) | 0.03 |
| Social function | 137 | 45.18 (11.44) | 46.18 (9.74) | 1.00 (0.94) | 0.15 |
| Role emotional | 137 | 40.73 (12.85) | 41.98 (11.49) | 1.25 (0.98) | 0.10 |
| Mental health | 136 | 47.33 (11.90) | 49.62 (9.90) | 2.24 (0.94) | 0.01 |
| Physical composite | 136 | 41.45 (9.95) | 42.49 (9.81) | 0.69 (0.64) | 0.07 |
| Mental composite | 136 | 47.74 (12.26) | 49.42 (10.56) | 1.63 (0.91) | 0.04 |
| Life satisfaction-Z | 136 | 16.65 (5.51) | 17.44 (5.17) | 0.79 (0.37) | 0.02 |
| CES-D Scale | 137 | 13.39 (11.05) | 11.78 (9.21) | −1.66 (0.76) | 0.01 |
| CERAD-memory | |||||
| Immediate recall | 127† | 4.60 (1.45) | 4.87 (1.71) | 0.24 (0.15) | 0.05 |
| Delayed recall | 127 | 4.99 (2.17) | 5.77 (2.30) | 0.71 (0.17) | <0.0001 |
| Recognition | 127 | 18.34 (2.35) | 18.87 (2.25) | 0.49 (0.19) | 0.01 |
| Visual search | |||||
| Median reaction time | 116 | 1222 (407.5) | 1209 (433.3) | −13.6 (27.50) | 0.31 |
| Psychomotor speed | 123 | 40.39 (17.50) | 42.99 (17.82) | 2.19 (0.96) | 0.01 |
Covariates were (1) cohort (1, 2), (2) age (continuous), (3) sex (male, female), (4) race (white, black, Hispanic, Other), (5) education (<high school, high school, some college, college plus), (6) site (graduated care retirement community, senior residence, senior centre—multipurpose, senior centre—parks and recreation), (7) neighbourhood score (1–7), (8) CERAD-recognition (pre-test), (9) psychomotor speed (pre-test).
↵* p Values were obtained using a mixed model with repeated measurement.
↵† Reasons for not completing cognitive testing: visual or other physical impairment or scheduling conflicts.
CES-D Scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CERAD, Consortium to Establish a Registry of Alzheimer's Disease; SF-36 V. 2, Version 2 of the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey.