Pooled HRs for all-cause and major causes of mortality according to alcohol consumption category (men)*
| Non-drinkers | Occasional drinkers (<once/week) HR (95% CI) | Current drinkers (≥once/week) | Trend | Heterogeneity | ||||||||
| (Never- and ex-drinkers) | <23 g/day HR (95% CI) | 23 to <46 g/day HR (95% CI) | 46 to <69 g/day HR (95% CI) | 69 to <92 g/day HR (95% CI) | ≥92 g/day HR (95% CI) | (per 15 g increase) | p value and I2 (%) | |||||
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | p Value for trend | For trend | For the highest category | |||||||
| Number of subjects (n=144012) | 33597 | 10818 | 35698 | 34687 | 16819 | 7784 | 4609 | |||||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||||||||
| Person-years (n=1740228) | 404216 | 130675 | 425730 | 420603 | 212877 | 95516 | 50613 | |||||
| Number of cases (n=22260) | 7467 | 1157 | 4388 | 4830 | 2552 | 1226 | 640 | |||||
| HR, age- and area-adjusted‡ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.68 (0.64 to 0.73) | 0.73 (0.67 to 0.79) | 0.81 (0.74 to 0.89) | 0.91 (0.80 to 1.04) | 1.24 (0.98 to 1.57) | 1.22 (0.95 to 1.56) | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | 0.002 | <0.001 89.2% | <0.001 87.2% | |
| HR, multivariate-adjusted§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.70 (0.65 to 0.74) | 0.74 (0.69 to 0.79) | 0.78 (0.72 to 0.85) | 0.86 (0.76 to 0.96) | 1.13 (0.91 to 1.41) | 1.12 (0.90 to 1.40) | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.073 | <0.001 81.4% | <0.001 84.1% | |
| (Never) | (Ex) | |||||||||||
| HR, ex-drinkers distinguished †,§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.60 (1.46 to 1.75) | 0.81 (0.75 to 0.87) | 0.87 (0.77 to 0.98) | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.05) | 1.05 (0.90 to 1.22) | 1.58 (1.11 to 2.26) | 1.42 (1.08 to 1.87) | ||||
| HR, excluding early deaths§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.72 (0.67 to 0.77) | 0.80 (0.75 to 0.84) | 0.86 (0.80 to 0.92) | 0.92 (0.82 to 1.04) | 1.10 (0.94 to 1.29) | 1.27 (1.09 to 1.48) | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | 0.004 | <0.001 80.8% | 0.072 57.1% | |
| HR, never smokers§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.63 (0.42 to 0.95) | 0.67 (0.59 to 0.76) | 0.77 (0.66 to 0.89) | 0.83 (0.68 to 1.01) | 1.20 (0.83 to 1.73) | 1.17 (0.90 to 1.52) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.02) | 0.527 | 0.030 59.6% | 0.335 11.7% | |
| HR, current smokers§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.72 (0.65 to 0.81) | 0.85 (0.77 to 0.95) | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.99) | 0.96 (0.86 to 1.07) | 1.20 (0.98 to 1.45) | 1.28 (1.03 to 1.58) | 1.01 (1.01 to 1.02) | 0.001 | <0.001 81.7% | 0.014 71.9% | |
| Cause-specific mortality | ||||||||||||
| Person-years (n=1675062) | 389833 | 126530 | 401320 | 399898 | 211765 | 95105 | 50613 | |||||
| Cancer | ||||||||||||
| Number of cases (n=8584) | 2648 | 446 | 1712 | 1911 | 1099 | 511 | 257 | |||||
| HR, age- and area-adjusted‡ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.74 (0.67 to 0.82) | 0.83 (0.78 to 0.90) | 0.92 (0.87 to 0.98) | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.10) | 1.19 (1.00 to 1.42) | 1.35 (1.17 to 1.56) | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | 0.009 | <0.001 87.3% | 0.360 6.6% | |
| HR, multivariate-adjusted§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.75 (0.68 to 0.84) | 0.86 (0.79 to 0.92) | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.98) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.03) | 1.12 (0.94 to 1.33) | 1.24 (1.08 to 1.42) | 1.01 (0.999 to 1.01) | 0.084 | 0.009 67.4% | 0.423 0.0% | |
| (Never) | (Ex) | |||||||||||
| HR, ex-drinkers distinguished †,§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.40 (1.21 to 1.62) | 0.86 (0.76 to 0.97) | 0.92 (0.85 to 0.995) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.10) | 1.07 (0.98 to 1.17) | 1.20 (0.94 to 1.55) | 1.43 (1.20 to 1.70) | ||||
| HR, excluding early deaths§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.79 (0.70 to 0.89) | 0.96 (0.88 to 1.05) | 1.01 (0.91 to 1.11) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.11) | 1.21 (1.08 to 1.36) | 1.38 (1.17 to 1.62) | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | 0.037 | 0.003 71.9% | 0.883 0.0% | |
| HR, never smokers§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.79 (0.62 to 0.998) | 0.75 (0.58 to 0.97) | 0.82 (0.69 to 0.98) | 0.71 (0.52 to 0.96) | 1.18 (0.65 to 2.13) | 1.21 (0.82 to 1.79) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | 0.983 | 0.977 0.0% | 0.888 0.0% | |
| HR, current smokers§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.82 (0.69 to 0.97) | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.03) | 0.98 (0.89 to 1.07) | 1.09 (0.99 to 1.20) | 1.23 (1.02 to 1.48) | 1.39 (1.18 to 1.65) | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | 0.020 | <0.001 78.3% | 0.467 0.0% | |
| Heart disease | ||||||||||||
| Number of cases (n=2831) | 1054 | 144 | 533 | 575 | 297 | 142 | 86 | |||||
| HR, age- and area-adjusted‡ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.63 (0.53 to 0.76) | 0.65 (0.51 to 0.83) | 0.70 (0.61 to 0.80) | 0.72 (0.63 to 0.82) | 0.86 (0.59 to 1.26) | 1.07 (0.82 to 1.41) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.526 | 0.408 1.3% | 0.287 20.5% | |
| HR, multivariate-adjusted§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.63 (0.53 to 0.76) | 0.64 (0.50 to 0.83) | 0.67 (0.57 to 0.77) | 0.65 (0.54 to 0.78) | 0.79 (0.53 to 1.18) | 0.93 (0.74 to 1.18) | 0.99 (0.98 to 1.00) | 0.199 | 0.072 50.7% | 0.481 0.0% | |
| (Never) | (Ex) | |||||||||||
| HR, ex-drinkers distinguished †,§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.54 (1.34 to 1.77) | 0.72 (0.57 to 0.90) | 0.82 (0.60 to 1.12) | 0.79 (0.65 to 0.97) | 0.79 (0.62 to 1.01) | 1.10 (0.57 to 2.11) | 1.10 (0.80 to 1.52) | ||||
| HR, excluding early deaths§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.65 (0.52 to 0.82) | 0.73 (0.56 to 0.96) | 0.75 (0.66 to 0.85) | 0.70 (0.60 to 0.82) | 0.84 (0.62 to 1.15) | 1.06 (0.80 to 1.40) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | 0.671 | 0.501 0.0% | 0.522 0.0% | |
| HR, never smokers§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.48 (0.29 to 0.79) | 0.60 (0.40 to 0.89) | 0.77 (0.43 to 1.41) | 0.55 (0.30 to 1.02) | 1.37 (0.83 to 2.25) | 1.36 (0.72 to 2.58) | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.03) | 0.249 | 0.369 7.4% | 0.999 0.0% | |
| HR, current smokers§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.73 (0.57 to 0.93) | 0.71 (0.57 to 0.88) | 0.75 (0.63 to 0.88) | 0.77 (0.60 to 0.98) | 0.82 (0.54 to 1.24) | 0.99 (0.71 to 1.38) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | 0.627 | 0.743 0.0% | 0.289 20.1% | |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | ||||||||||||
| Number of cases (n=2376) | 786 | 113 | 453 | 503 | 302 | 154 | 65 | |||||
| HR, age- and area-adjusted‡ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.89 (0.59 to 1.35) | 0.82 (0.67 to 1.00) | 0.81 (0.66 to 0.98) | 1.03 (0.90 to 1.19) | 1.44 (1.20 to 1.73) | 1.44 (1.03 to 2.02) | 1.01 (0.995 to 1.02) | 0.191 | 0.008 68.0% | 0.212 33.4% | |
| HR, multivariate-adjusted§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.92 (0.60 to 1.42) | 0.80 (0.65 to 0.97) | 0.78 (0.64 to 0.95) | 0.98 (0.85 to 1.13) | 1.33 (1.10 to 1.60) | 1.29 (0.92 to 1.80) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | 0.703 | 0.099 46.1% | 0.220 32.0% | |
| (Never) | (Ex) | |||||||||||
| HR, ex-drinkers distinguished †,§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.55 (1.04 to 2.31) | 1.02 (0.67 to 1.58) | 0.92 (0.78 to 1.07) | 0.84 (0.67 to 1.06) | 1.21 (1.02 to 1.43) | 1.68 (1.34 to 2.10) | 1.75 (1.02 to 3.02) | ||||
| HR, excluding early deaths§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.93 (0.52 to 1.67) | 0.77 (0.64 to 0.93) | 0.79 (0.64 to 0.98) | 1.00 (0.80 to 1.23) | 1.37 (0.85 to 2.20) | 1.33 (0.86 to 2.06) | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.03) | 0.279 | 0.030 59.7% | 0.146 44.2% | |
| HR, never smokers§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.74 (0.47 to 1.16) | 0.59 (0.44 to 0.78) | 0.74 (0.43 to 1.27) | 1.16 (0.81 to 1.66) | 1.26 (0.72 to 2.20) | 1.94 (0.84 to 4.45) | 1.00 (0.95 to 1.04) | 0.820 | 0.063 52.2% | 0.185 40.8% | |
| HR, current smokers§ | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.83 (0.44 to 1.56) | 0.87 (0.66 to 1.14) | 0.88 (0.74 to 1.04) | 1.06 (0.76 to 1.48) | 1.46 (1.14 to 1.86) | 1.69 (1.21 to 2.35) | 1.01 (0.996 to 1.03) | 0.156 | 0.037 57.7% | 0.911 0.0% | |
Numbers in boldface indicate p<0.05.
↵* The pooled analyses included the JPHC-I, JPHC–II, JACC, MIYAGI, OHSAKI and TAKAYAMA studies.
↵† The pooled analyses included the JPHC–II, JACC, MIYAGI and OHSAKI studies.
↵‡ Adjusted for age (years, continuous) and area (JPHC-I, JPHC-II and JACC).
↵§ Adjusted for smoking (never smoker, past smoker, current smoker of 1–19 cigarettes/day or ≥20 cigarettes/day), body mass index (<18.5, 18.5–<25, ≥25), history of hypertension (no, yes), history of diabetes (no, yes), and leisure-time sports or physical exercise (<almost daily, almost daily), in addition to adjustment in ‡.