Effects of parental employment on total difficulties at age 5 years by gender among white children
| N | Model 1: unadjusted | Model 2: adjusted for maternal age | Model 3: +SEP* | Model 4: fully adjusted† | |
| Boys | |||||
| Household parental employment from birth to age 5 y | 5019 | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Dual earner HH | 2166 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Traditional HH | 989 | 1.20 (0.90 to 1.61) | 1.18 (0.88 to 1.58) | 1.01 (0.74 to 1.36) | 0.91 (0.67 to 1.24) |
| Briefly unemployed HH | 131 | 2.72 (1.58 to 4.67) | 2.30 (1.33 to 3.99) | 1.45 (0.82 to 2.57) | 1.19 (0.65 to 2.18) |
| Chronic unemployed HH | 111 | 5.14 (3.20 to 8.26) | 4.22 (2.59 to 6.86) | 2.17 (1.29 to 3.66) | 1.69 (0.98 to 2.92) |
| Female breadwinner HH | 148 | 2.11 (1.21 to 3.67) | 2.03 (1.16 to 3.54) | 1.75 (0.99 to 3.10) | 1.78 (0.99 to 3.21) |
| Employed lone mother HH | 915 | 2.22 (1.70 to 2.91) | 1.94 (1.47 to 2.56) | 1.41 (1.04 to 1.92) | 1.23 (0.90 to 1.69) |
| Non-employed lone mother HH | 559 | 4.19 (3.18 to 5.52) | 3.50 (2.61 to 4.69) | 1.87 (1.31 to 2.68) | 1.42 (0.97 to 2.07) |
| Girls | |||||
| Household parental employment from birth to age 5 y | 4760 | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Dual earner HH | 2083 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Traditional HH | 890 | 2.41 (1.59 to 3.64) | 2.26 (1.49 to 3.42) | 1.77 (1.16 to 2.71) | 1.53 (0.99 to 2.37) |
| Briefly unemployed HH | 139 | 3.96 (1.98 to 7.91) | 2.89 (1.43 to 5.83) | 1.52 (0.72 to 3.21) | 1.40 (0.65 to 3.01) |
| Chronic unemployed HH | 113 | 12.99 (7.64 to 22.08) | 10.14 (5.90 to 17.44) | 4.44 (2.47 to 7.99) | 3.52 (1.90 to 6.52) |
| Female breadwinner HH | 130 | 0.79 (0.19 to 3.24) | 0.74 (0.18 to 3.04) | 0.56 (0.14 to 2.33) | 0.61 (0.15 to 2.54) |
| Employed lone mother HH | 870 | 3.55 (2.40 to 5.25) | 2.73 (1.82 to 4.09) | 1.83 (1.19 to 2.82) | 1.69 (1.09 to 2.63) |
| Non-employed lone mother HH | 535 | 10.14 (7.01 to 14.68) | 6.72 (4.50 to 10.04) | 3.60 (2.25 to 5.75) | 2.78 (1.71 to 4.50) |