Mother, infant, socioeconomic and psychosocial markers by patterns of mothers' drinking during pregnancy
| Category of drinking | |||||
| Never n=680 | Not in pregnancy n=6935 | Light n=2981 | Moderate n=633 | Heavy/binge n=284 | |
| Infant's gender, % | |||||
| Male | 53.6 | 50.6 | 51.8 | 49.6 | 51.1 |
| Birth weight (kg), (mean)*** | 3.368 | 3.395 | 3.449 | 3.413 | 3.325 |
| Mother's age at time of birth (years), %*** | |||||
| 13–19 | 7.8 | 9.1 | 4.8 | 7.0 | 13.1 |
| 20–24 | 17.7 | 17.4 | 10.2 | 13.0 | 21.3 |
| 25–29 | 31.4 | 29.1 | 27.5 | 23.5 | 23.3 |
| 30–34 | 27.1 | 29.6 | 36.4 | 33.2 | 22.4 |
| 35–39 | 14.0 | 13.2 | 18.5 | 19.0 | 17.5 |
| 40 plus | 2.0 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 4.4 | 2.4 |
| No of children in the household, %*** | |||||
| 1 | 12.7 | 17.8 | 14.7 | 13.7 | 27.5 |
| 2 | 40.0 | 50.5 | 54.8 | 42.8 | 44.5 |
| 3+ | 47.3 | 31.7 | 30.6 | 43.4 | 28.0 |
| Mother smoked during pregnancy, %*** | |||||
| Yes | 33.2 | 23.1 | 16.8 | 29.9 | 44.6 |
| Pregnancy planned, %*** | |||||
| Yes | 50.9 | 57.7 | 65.4 | 52.4 | 48.1 |
| Family income, %*** | |||||
| £52 000 or more | 4.1 | 8.6 | 16.6 | 13.7 | 8.1 |
| £32 200–51 999 | 14.8 | 21.4 | 27.7 | 24.5 | 18.4 |
| £20 800–32 199 | 20.0 | 23.9 | 21.0 | 19.1 | 18.5 |
| £10 400–20 799 | 32.0 | 24.9 | 17.9 | 22.8 | 25.4 |
| Less than £10 400 | 19.5 | 13.9 | 9.1 | 12.9 | 20.7 |
| Don't know | 8.5 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 4.9 | 8.3 |
| Refused | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 0.5 |
| Highest parental educational qualification, %*** | |||||
| Higher degree | 3.8 | 5.1 | 11.1 | 7.2 | 6.0 |
| First degree/diploma | 26.9 | 35.2 | 46.4 | 38.8 | 31.9 |
| A/AS levels | 15.5 | 18.0 | 15.2 | 14.2 | 18.6 |
| GCSE grades A–C | 31.2 | 28.1 | 20.1 | 25.5 | 27.0 |
| GCSE grades D–G | 5.7 | 6.2 | 3.4 | 4.2 | 6.7 |
| Other/overseas | 3.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
| None | 14.0 | 6.4 | 3.2 | 9.2 | 9.3 |
| Highest parental occupation, %*** | |||||
| Managerial and professional | 11.9 | 19.0 | 32.9 | 25.3 | 19.8 |
| Intermediate | 10.7 | 12.8 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 11.5 |
| Small employer and self-employed | 6.3 | 8.1 | 10.6 | 8.8 | 8.1 |
| Low supervisory & technical | 10.2 | 11.0 | 9.0 | 6.0 | 10.2 |
| Semi-routine and routine | 55.1 | 46.0 | 31.6 | 42.0 | 43.6 |
| Never worked, long-term unemployed and other unclassified | 5.8 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 3.9 | 6.8 |
| Mother currently drinks, %*** | |||||
| Yes | 0.0 | 92.4 | 96.3 | 94.1 | 94.2 |
| Mother's K6 score, (mean) *** | 3.4 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.2 |
| Parental discipline, (mean)*** | 10.5 | 11.5 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 12.2 |
| Mother's parenting competence, %** | |||||
| Very good | 35.1 | 31.7 | 26.0 | 27.6 | 31.0 |
| Better than average | 21.9 | 27.9 | 32.7 | 31.1 | 25.8 |
| Average | 39.0 | 36.8 | 37.5 | 38.5 | 38.7 |
| Some trouble | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 4.4 |
| Not very good | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Mother makes sure child obeys instructions, % | |||||
| All of the time | 53.8 | 54.9 | 51.5 | 48.9 | 55.4 |
| More than half of the time | 24.0 | 29.4 | 35.0 | 32.7 | 29.7 |
| About half of the time | 12.8 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 11.7 | 7.9 |
| Less than half of the time | 7.1 | 4.9 | 3.2 | 5.5 | 5.6 |
| Never/almost never | 2.3 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.5 |
| Mother's closeness to child, %* | |||||
| Extremely close | 71.6 | 72.8 | 69.8 | 66.8 | 70.0 |
| Very close | 25.0 | 24.4 | 27.3 | 30.2 | 26.5 |
| Fairly close | 3.2 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.4 |
| Not very close | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.