Relation of a 1 SD increase in common mental disorder score with mortality experience: the UK Health and Lifestyle Survey (N=6127)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3* | Model 4 | ||||
| HRs (95% CIs) | HRs (95% CIs) | % Change† | HRs (95% CIs) | % Change | HRs (95% CIs) | % Change | |
| CHD—men | 1.11 (0.97 to 1.28) | 1.08 (0.94 to 1.25) | −26 | 0.95 (0.82 to 1.09) | −148 | 0.92 (0.80 to 1.06) | −172 |
| CHD—women | 1.33 (1.17 to 1.52) | 1.28 (1.12 to 1.47) | −15 | 1.22 (1.06 to 1.42) | −32 | 1.21 (1.04 to 1.40) | −36 |
| Stroke | 1.13 (0.97 to 1.31) | 1.12 (0.96 to 1.30) | −8 | 1.07 (0.92 to 1.25) | −45 | 1.06 (0.91 to 1.23) | −55 |
| Respiratory | 1.31 (1.16 to 1.48) | 1.23 (1.09 to 1.39) | −25 | 1.11 (0.96 to 1.28) | −65 | 1.08 (0.93 to 1.26) | −72 |
| Lung cancer | 1.11 (0.92 to 1.33) | 0.99 (0.82 to 1.19) | −109 | 0.94 (0.78 to 1.14) | −154 | 0.92 (0.76 to 1.12) | −171 |
| Other cancer | 1.14 (1.03 to 1.27) | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.22) | −30 | 1.10 (1.00 to 1.22) | −27 | 1.09 (0.99 to 1.21) | −36 |
| All causes | 1.18 (1.12 to 1.23) | 1.14 (1.08 to 1.19) | −23 | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.09) | −80 | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.08) | −87 |
Model 1: age and sex; model 2: age, sex + smoking; model 3: age, sex, smoking + existing and prior illness; model 4: age, sex, smoking, existing and prior illness + socioeconomic status (occupational social class and highest educational qualification).
Death outcomes were coded according to the International Classification of Disease version 9: CHD (410–414.9), stroke (430–438), respiratory disease (460–519.9), lung cancer (162) and other cancers (140–239.9, excluding 162). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the mortality risk associated with a one SD increase (disadvantage) in GHQ30 score (one SD=10.6).13
↵* Prior physical illness variables (coded 0=no, 1=yes): for CHD and stroke mortality: current ‘heart disease, angina, etc’, ‘high blood pressure’, ‘stroke, arterial disease’ and past ‘heart trouble’ or ‘stroke’. For respiratory disease: current ‘bronchitis, emphysema’, ‘asthma’, ‘respiratory tuberculosis, ‘respiratory disease’ and past asthma’, ‘bronchitis’ or ‘other chest trouble’, ‘persistent cough’. For cancer (lung and ‘other’): current ‘cancer’ and past ‘lung cancer’ or ‘other cancer’.
↵† Calculation of the per cent change in effect estimate after adjustment was based on a comparison of the age- and sex-adjusted HR (model 1) with that for all subsequent models (models 2–4) using the formulae: ((HRage-&sex-adjusted−1)−(HRplus other adjustments−1)/(HRage-&sex-adjusted−1))× 100%.14
CHD, coronary heart disease; GHQ, General Health Questionnaire.