Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3a | Model 3b | Model 3c | Model 3d | |
Empty model | +Individual level variables | Model 2+employment rate 55+ | Model 2+long-term unemployment 55+ | Model 2+further education | Model 2+welfare regimes | |
Effort–reward imbalance ratio (N=8716) | ||||||
Random parameters (SD)† | ||||||
Level 2: between country | 0.078*** | 0.073*** | 0.064*** | 0.067*** | 0.063*** | 0.065*** |
Statistics | ||||||
R2 2 (level 2) | 0.128 | 0.323 | 0.265 | 0.334 | 0.296 | |
Log-likelihood | −4693.08 | −4527.37 | −4525.91 | −4526.40 | −4525.86 | −4526.20 |
Akaike Information Criterion | 9392.17 | 9078.74 | 9077.82 | 9078.81 | 9077.72 | 9082.41 |
BIC | 9413.39 | 9163.61 | 9169.77 | 9170.76 | 9169.67 | 9188.50 |
Control (N=8985) | ||||||
R parameters | ||||||
Level 2: between country | 0.311*** | 0.312*** | 0.228*** | 0.291*** | 0.214*** | 0.160*** |
Statistics | ||||||
R2 2 (level 2) | −0.004 | 0.462 | 0.122 | 0.525 | 0.737 | |
Log-likelihood | −15462.53 | −15098.60 | −15094.93 | −15097.80 | −15094.15 | −15091.19 |
Akaike Information Criterion | 30931.07 | 30221.19 | 30215.86 | 30221.60 | 30214.30 | 30212.39 |
Bayesian Information Criterion | 30952.38 | 30306.43 | 30308.20 | 30313.95 | 30306.65 | 30318.94 |
Model 2 adjusts for gender, age, income, education, employment status and work time.
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
↵† SD.