Socioeconomic status, race–ethnicity and physical functional limitations
| SES indicator | Distance walked in 6 min (feet) | Lower extremity function (points) | ||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Race | ||||||
| White | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Black | −126 (−185 to −66) | −78 (−136 to −21) | −55 (−109 to −1) | −0.7 (−1 to −0.4) | −0.5 (−0.9 to −0.2) | −0.4 (−0.7 to −0.1) |
| Asian | 105 (−26 to 236) | 29 (−97 to 155) | −34 (−152 to 85) | 0.5 (−0.2 to 1.3) | 0.3 (−0.4 to 1) | 0.1 (−0.6 to 0.8) |
| Hispanic | 20 (−58 to 98) | 51 (−24 to 155) | 56 (−14 to 126) | 0.1 (−0.3 to 0.5) | 0.2 (−0.2 to 0.6) | 0.3 (−0.1 to 0.6) |
| Other | −147 (−269 to −25) | −93 (−209 to 24) | −57 (−166 to 52) | −0.3 (−0.1 to 0.3) | −0.1 (−0.8 to 0.6) | 0 (−0.6 to 0.6) |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than high school | N/A | −108 (−166 to −50) | −80 (−135 to −25) | N/A | −0.4 (−0.8 to −0.1) | −0.4 (−0.7 to −0.1) |
| Some college | N/A | −72 (−125 to −20) | −40 (−90 to 10) | N/A | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.13) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) |
| College degree+ | N/A | Referent | Referent | N/A | Referent | Referent |
| Income | ||||||
| Low | N/A | −385 (−466 to −304) | −303 (−380 to −227) | N/A | −1.5 (−1.9 to −1.0) | −1.1 (−1.6 to −0.7) |
| Medium | N/A | −136 (−189 to −82) | −106 (−156 to −66) | N/A | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.06) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.1) |
| High | N/A | Referent | Referent | N/A | Referent | Referent |
Distance walked in 6 min was measured by the 6-min walk test; lower extremity function was measured by the short physical performance battery.
Multivariable linear regression analysis—all results are mean difference compared to referent group (95% CIs); results with p<0.05 are shown in bold font.
Model 1=impact of race, adjusting for age, sex and height; model 2=impact of race, educational attainment and household income, adjusting for age, sex and height; model 3=race, educational attainment and household income, adjusting for age, sex and height; also including additional covariates (smoking history, occupational exposures on longest held job, body mass index and comorbidities).
N/A, not applicable; SES, socioeconomic status.