SES indicator | COPD severity score | BODE score | ||||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
Race | ||||||
White | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
Black | 1.5 (0.5 to 2.4) | 1.0 (0.04 to 1.9) | 0.7 (−0.2 to 1.6) | 0.4 (0.03 to 0.8) | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.5) | 0.07 (−0.3 to 0.4) |
Asian | −1.5 (−3.5 to 0.6) | −0.5 (−2.5 to 1.5) | −0.5 (−2.5 to 1.5) | −0.2 (−1.1 to 0.6) | 0.3 (−0.5 to 1.1) | 0.5 (−0.3 to 1.2) |
Hispanic | −0.5 (−1.7 to 0.7) | −0.9 (−2.1 to 0.2) | −1.1 (−2.2 to 0.1) | −0.1 (−0.6 to 0.4) | −0.3 (−0.8 to 0.1) | −0.3 (−0.8 to 0.1) |
Other | 0.4 (−1.6 to 2.3) | −0.2 (−2.1 to 1.6) | −0.4 −2.3 to 1.4) | 0.4 (−0.3 to 1.2) | 0.08 (−0.6 to 0.8) | 0.06 (−0.7 to 0.8) |
Education | ||||||
Less than high school | N/A | 2.0 (1.0 to 2.9) | 1.8 (0.9 to 2.7) | N/A | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.4) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.3) |
Some college | N/A | 1.4 (0.6 to 2.3) | 1.3 (0.4 to 2.0) | N/A | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.0) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.0) |
College degree+ | N/A | Referent | Referent | N/A | Referent | Referent |
Income | ||||||
Low | N/A | 3.6 (2.3 to 4.9) | 3.4 (2.1 to 4.7) | N/A | 1.9 (1.4 to 2.4) | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.2) |
Medium | N/A | 1.4 (0.5 to 2.3) | 1.4 (0.5 to 2.2) | N/A | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.1) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.0) |
High | N/A | Referent | Referent | N/A | Referent | Referent |
Educational attainment categories are less than high school, some college, college degree or graduate school; income categories are low (<US$20 000), medium (US$20 000–80 000), high (>US$80 000) and missing.
Higher COPD severity scores and BODE scores=poorer status.
Multivariable linear regression analysis—all results are mean difference compared to referent group (95% CIs).
Model 1=impact of race, adjusting for age and sex; model 2=impact of race, educational attainment and household income, adjusting for age and sex; model 3=race, educational attainment and household income, adjusting for age and sex; also including additional covariates (smoking history, occupational exposures on longest held job, body mass index and comorbidities—see Methods).
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; N/A, not applicable; SES, socioeconomic status.