Association (OR (95% CI)) between annual average air pollution concentrations and asthma outcomes for California Health Interview Survey 2001 respondents residing in the San Joaquin Valley, California by age group*
| Children (ages 1–17) | Adults (ages 18+) | ||||
| Daily/weekly symptoms† | Emergency department/hospitalisation | Daily/weekly symptoms† | Emergency department/hospitalisation | ||
| Ozone | (32 yes, 215 no) | (29 yes, 221 no) | (161 yes, 344 no) | (49 yes, 460 no) | |
| Continuous (per 10 ppb) | 0.76 (0.42 to 1.38) | 1.63 (0.95 to 2.81) | 1.40 (1.02 to 1.91) | 1.43 (0.87 to 2.34) | |
| PM10 | (36 yes, 222 no) | (31 yes, 230 no) | (162 yes, 347 no) | (48 yes, 465 no) | |
| Continuous (per 10 μg/m3) | 0.90 (0.60 to 1.37) | 1.31 (0.89 to 1.93) | 1.43 (1.13 to 1.82) | 1.29 (0.87 to 1.92) | |
| PM2.5 | (25 yes, 173 no) | (21 yes, 179 no) | (127 yes, 286 no) | (37 yes, 380 no) | |
| Continuous (per 10 μg/m3) | 0.64 (0.27 to 1.50) | 1.48 (0.62 to 3.50) | 2.96 (1.60 to 5.50) | 1.58 (0.56 to 4.43) | |
↵* Adjusted for gender, race/ethnicity, poverty and insurance status.
↵† Participants were asked in a single question to report the frequency of asthma symptoms, such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and phlegm production
O3, ozone; PM2.5, particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter; PM10, particulate matter less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter.