Cohort | 1960 | 1965 | 1970 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | |
No. of participants† | 1960 | 872 | 721 | 615 | 349 | 231 | 114 | 51 |
1985 | 476 | 306 | 161 | 68 | ||||
Cumulative no of deaths | ||||||||
All causes | – | 40 | 103 | 412 | 645 | 889 | 1130 | |
Total cardiovascular | – | 20 | 61 | 261 | 376 | 514 | 628 | |
Coronary heart disease | – | 13 | 40 | 176 | 231 | 297 | 348 | |
Cerebrovascular | – | 3 | 10 | 49 | 78 | 113 | 139 | |
Age (years)‡ | 49±6 | 54±5 | 59±5 | 71±5 | 75±5 | 80±4 | 83±3 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.1±2.7 | 24.9±2.7 | 25.2±2.8 | 25.5±3.1 | 25.5±3.2 | 25.3±3.4 | 26.0±3.3 | |
Overall smoking (%)§ | ||||||||
Never and long-term ex | 6 | 6 | 9 | 26 | 50 | 60 | 72 | |
Recent-ex | 6 | 11 | 15 | 31 | 17 | 16 | 14 | |
Cigarettes | 74 | 61 | 53 | 30 | 23 | 18 | 6 | |
Cigars or pipes | 14 | 21 | 23 | 13 | 10 | 6 | 8 | |
Energy without alcohol (kcal) | 3082±673 | 2920±674 | 2539±539 | 2146±506 | 2029±458 | 2029±468 | 1991±457 | |
Alcohol intake (g/day)¶ | 1960 | 8±13 | 10±13 | 12±13 | 18±19 | 14±15 | 14±14 | 13±11 |
1985 | – | – | – | 18±17 | 14±14 | 13±15 | 14±16 | |
Alcohol users (%) | 1960 | 45 | 62 | 72 | 75 | 78 | 80 | 86 |
1985 | – | – | – | 75 | 72 | 78 | 85 | |
Beer users (%) | 1960 | 38 | 35 | 42 | 24 | 22 | 22 | 37 |
1985 | – | – | – | 24 | 25 | 25 | 29 | |
Wine users (%) | 1960 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 20 | 26 | 29 | 39 |
1985 | – | – | – | 25 | 31 | 38 | 47 | |
Spirits users (%) | 1960 | 15 | 42 | 52 | 55 | 55 | 58 | 61 |
1985 | – | – | – | 55 | 49 | 49 | 54 |
*Numbers represent means ± standard deviation, unless indicated otherwise.
†In every measurement round, the participants who took part in both physical and dietary examinations were selected for the analyses.
‡Age is defined as age on 31 December in the year preceding the examination.
§Never and long-term ex-smokers are defined as men who never smoked or stopped smoking ⩾10 years ago; recent ex-smokers are defined as men who stopped smoking <10 years ago.
¶Average alcohol intake was calculated among alcohol users.