Model 1* | Model 2† | Model 3‡ | Model 4§ | |
Baseline | Individual socioeconomic status | Area deprivation | Urban/rural | |
Neighbourhood access (min) | ||||
Worst >3.89 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Worse 1.65–3.89 | 1.13 (0.95 to 1.35) | 1.17 (0.98 to 1.38) | 1.10 (0.93 to 1.31) | 1.01 (0.82 to 1.24) |
Better 0.98–1.65 | 1.14 (0.95 to 1.37) | 1.19 (0.99 to 1.42) | 1.07 (0.90 to 1.28) | 0.98 (0.78 to 1.21) |
Best <0.98 | 1.12 (0.94 to 1.34) | 1.15 (0.97 to 1.37) | 1.01 (0.85 to 1.20) | 0.93 (0.75 to 1.15) |
Sex | ||||
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 0.79 (0.71 to 0.88) | 0.87 (0.77 to 0.98) | 0.87 (0.77 to 0.98) | 0.87 (0.78 to 0.99) |
Age group (years) | ||||
65+ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
45–64 | 3.56 (2.85 to 4.45) | 3.99 (3.14 to 5.09) | 3.87 (3.04 to 4.92) | 3.89 (3.06 to 4.95) |
25–44 | 4.50 (3.62 to 5.59) | 5.03 (3.91 to 6.46) | 4.87 (3.79–6.26) | 4.89 (3.81 to 6.28) |
15–24 | 2.64 (2.02 to 3.45) | 2.62 (1.96 to 3.49) | 2.54 (1.91 to 3.39) | 2.55 (1.91 to 3.39) |
Ethnicity | ||||
Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Māori | 1.93 (1.67 to 2.22) | 1.59 (1.37 to 1.83) | 1.41 (1.22 to 1.63) | 1.42 (1.23 to 1.64) |
Pacific | 0.83 (0.64 to 1.07) | 0.68 (0.52 to 0.88) | 0.57 (0.44 to 0.75) | 0.59 (0.45 to 0.76) |
Asian | 0.17 (0.11 to 0.26) | 0.17 (0.11 to 0.26) | 0.16 (0.11 to 0.25) | 0.17 (0.11 to 0.26) |
Education | ||||
Tertiary qualifications | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
School qualifications only | 0.98 (0.84 to 1.13) | 0.98 (0.85 to 1.13) | 0.98 (0.85 to 1.13) | |
No qualifications | 1.46 (1.27 to 1.67) | 1.45 (1.26 to 1.66) | 1.45 (1.26 to 1.66) | |
Social class | ||||
Managerial/professional | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Other non-manual | 1.31 (1.09 to 1.58) | 1.28 (1.06 to 1.54) | 1.28 (1.06 to 1.54) | |
Skilled manual | 2.16 (1.77 to 2.63) | 2.08 (1.71 to 2.54) | 2.09 (1.71 to 2.54) | |
Semi- and unskilled manual | 1.82 (1.49 to 2.21) | 1.73 (1.42 to 2.10) | 1.72 (1.41 to 2.09) | |
Unavailable | 1.40 (1.13 to 1.74) | 1.33 (1.07 to 1.65) | 1.33 (1.07 to 1.65) | |
Benefits | ||||
Non-recipient | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Recipient | 1.26 (1.10 to 1.44) | 1.24 (1.09 to 1.42) | 1.24 (1.09 to 1.41) | |
Household income (NZ$) | ||||
>50 000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
25 000–50 000 | 1.32 (1.14 to 1.53) | 1.22 (1.05 to 1.42) | 1.21 (1.04 to 1.41) | |
<25 000 | 1.51 (1.28 to 1.79) | 1.37 (1.16 to 1.62) | 1.37 (1.15 to 1.62) | |
Neighbourhood deprivation | ||||
1 (least deprived) | 1 | 1 | ||
2 | 1.23 (0.94 to 1.61) | 1.23 (0.94 to 1.61) | ||
3 | 1.21 (0.93 to 1.58) | 1.22 (0.94 to 1.59) | ||
4 | 1.80 (1.41 to 2.31) | 1.80 (1.41 to 2.31) | ||
5 (most deprived) | 2.17 (1.67 to 2.83) | 2.16 (1.66 to 2.81) | ||
Neighbourhood urban/rural status | ||||
Main urban | 1 | |||
Secondary urban | 1.20 (0.95 to 1.53) | |||
Minor urban | 1.10 (0.93 to 1.31) | |||
Rural centre | 1.04 (0.81 to 1.33) | |||
Highly rural | 0.90 (0.72 to 1.12) | |||
Level 2 variance¶ (SE) | 0.14 (0.04) | 0.09 (0.03) | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.03) |
SE, standard error.
*Models include design (to account for sample stratification and oversampling of ethnic minorities), and individual-level sex and age variables.
†Individual-level socioeconomic variables included in models containing design, sex and age variables.
‡Neighbourhood-level deprivation included in models containing individual-level design, sex, age and socioeconomic variables.
§Neighbourhood-level urban area classification included in models containing neighbourhood-level deprivation and individual-level design, sex, age and socioeconomic variables.
¶Variance at the neighbourhood level.