| Model 1* | Model 2† | Model 3‡ | Model 4§ | |
| Baseline | Individual socioeconomic status | Area deprivation | Urban/rural | |
| Neighbourhood access (min) | ||||
| Worst >6.54 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Worse 3.22–6.54 | 1.05 (0.88 to 1.25) | 1.12 (0.94 to 1.33) | 1.08 (0.91 to 1.27) | 1.04 (0.84 to 1.30) |
| Better 1.89–3.22 | 1.16 (0.97 to 1.38) | 1.22 (1.03 to 1.44) | 1.14 (0.96 to 1.35) | 1.10 (0.88 to 1.38) |
| Best <1.89 | 1.28 (1.07 to 1.52) | 1.33 (1.12 to 1.58) | 1.20 (1.01 to 1.43) | 1.15 (0.92 to 1.44) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 0.79 (0.71 to 0.88) | 0.87 (0.77 to 0.98) | 0.87 (0.78 to 0.98) | 0.87 (0.78 to 0.98) |
| Age group (years) | ||||
| 65+ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 45–64 | 3.60 (2.88 to 4.50) | 4.01 (3.15 to 5.11) | 3.89 (3.06 to 4.96) | 3.90 (3.07 to 4.97) |
| 25–44 | 4.57 (3.68 to 5.69) | 5.06 (3.93 to 6.50) | 4.90 (3.81 to 6.29) | 4.91 (3.82 to 6.31) |
| 15–24 | 2.70 (2.06 to 3.53) | 2.64 (1.98 to 3.53) | 2.56 (1.92 to 3.42) | 2.57 (1.93 to 3.43) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Māori | 1.93 (1.68 to 2.23) | 1.60 (1.38 to 1.84) | 1.43 (1.24 to 1.65) | 1.43 (1.24 to 1.65) |
| Pacific | 0.83 (0.64 to 1.07) | 0.68 (0.53 to 0.88) | 0.58 (0.45 to 0.75) | 0.59 (0.45 to 0.77) |
| Asian | 0.17 (0.11 to 0.25) | 0.17 (0.11 to 0.26) | 0.16 (0.11 to 0.25) | 0.17 (0.11 to 0.25) |
| Education | ||||
| Tertiary qualifications | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| School qualifications only | 0.99 (0.85 to 1.14) | 0.99 (0.85 to 1.14) | 0.99 (0.86 to 1.14) | |
| No qualifications | 1.48 (1.29 to 1.69) | 1.46 (1.28 to 1.67) | 1.46 (1.27 to 1.67) | |
| Social class | ||||
| Managerial/professional | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Other non-manual | 1.31 (1.09 to 1.57) | 1.28 (1.06 to 1.54) | 1.28 (1.06 to 1.53) | |
| Skilled manual | 2.16 (1.77 to 2.63) | 2.10 (1.72 to 2.56) | 2.09 (1.71 to 2.55) | |
| Semi- and unskilled manual | 1.80 (1.48 to 2.19) | 1.71 (1.41 to 2.08) | 1.70 (1.40 to 2.07) | |
| Unavailable | 1.37 (1.11 to 1.70) | 1.31 (1.06 to 1.63) | 1.31 (1.06 to 1.62) | |
| Benefits | ||||
| Non-recipient | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Recipient | 1.26 (1.11 to 1.44) | 1.25 (1.09 to 1.42) | 1.25 (1.09 to 1.42) | |
| Household income (NZ$) | ||||
| >50 000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 25 000–50 000 | 1.30 (1.12 to 1.51) | 1.21 (1.04 to 1.40) | 1.20 (1.04 to 1.40) | |
| <25 000 | 1.50 (1.27 to 1.76) | 1.36 (1.15 to 1.61) | 1.35 (1.15 to 1.60) | |
| Neighbourhood deprivation | ||||
| 1 (least deprived) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2 | 1.22 (0.93 to 1.60) | 1.22 (0.93 to 1.60) | ||
| 3 | 1.17 (0.90 to 1.52) | 1.18 (0.90 to 1.53) | ||
| 4 | 1.72 (1.34 to 2.20) | 1.72 (1.35 to 2.20) | ||
| 5 (most deprived) | 2.06 (1.59 to 2.68) | 2.06 (1.59 to 2.67) | ||
| Neighbourhood urban/rural status | ||||
| Main urban | 1 | |||
| Secondary urban | 1.24 (0.98 to 1.57) | |||
| Minor urban | 1.09 (0.92 to 1.30) | |||
| Rural centre | 1.06 (0.81 to 1.38) | |||
| Highly rural | 0.98 (0.78 to 1.24) | |||
| Level 2 variance¶ (SE) | 0.13 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.03) |
SE, standard error.
*Models include design (to account for sample stratification and oversampling of ethnic minorities), and individual-level sex and age variables.
†Individual-level socioeconomic variables included in models containing design, sex and age variables.
‡Neighbourhood-level deprivation included in models containing individual-level design, sex, age and socioeconomic variables.
§Neighbourhood-level urban area classification included in models containing neighbourhood-level deprivation and individual-level design, sex, age and socioeconomic variables.
¶Variance at the neighbourhood level.