| Model 1* | Model 2† | Model 3‡ | Model 4§ | |
| Baseline | Individual socioeconomic status | Area deprivation | Urban/rural | |
| Neighbourhood access (min) | ||||
| Worst >6.54 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Worse 3.22–6.54 | 1.08 (0.93 to 1.25) | 1.12 (0.97 to 1.29) | 1.08 (0.94 to 1.24) | 1.03 (0.86 to 1.24) |
| Better 1.89–3.22 | 1.17 (1.01 to 1.35) | 1.19 (1.04 to 1.38) | 1.12 (0.97 to 1.29) | 1.07 (0.89 to 1.29) |
| Best <1.89 | 1.22 (1.05 to 1.42) | 1.23 (1.06 to 1.42) | 1.12 (0.97 to 1.29) | 1.06 (0.88 to 1.28) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.14) | 1.10 (1.00 to 1.21) | 1.10 (1.00 to 1.22) | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.22) |
| Age group (years) | ||||
| 65+ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 45–64 | 4.31 (3.57 to 5.21) | 3.77 (3.06 to 4.64) | 3.68 (2.99 to 4.52) | 3.67 (2.99 to 4.52) |
| 25–44 | 4.57 (3.91 to 5.33) | 4.38 (3.64 to 5.27) | 4.26 (3.54 to 5.13) | 4.26 (3.54 to 5.13) |
| 15–24 | 2.86 (2.44 to 3.36) | 2.85 (2.38 to 3.40) | 2.78 (2.33 to 3.31) | 2.78 (2.33 to 3.32) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Māori | 2.94 (2.62 to 3.29) | 2.44 (2.17 to 2.74) | 2.22 (1.97 to 2.50) | 2.22 (1.98 to 2.50) |
| Pacific | 1.52 (1.27 to 1.82) | 1.28 (1.06 to 1.53) | 1.12 (0.93 to 1.35) | 1.13 (0.94 to 1.36) |
| Asian | 0.37 (0.29 to 0.46) | 0.38 (0.31 to 0.48) | 0.37 (0.30 to 0.46) | 0.38 (0.30 to 0.47) |
| Education | ||||
| Tertiary qualifications | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| School qualifications only | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.09) | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.09) | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.09) | |
| No qualifications | 1.51 (1.35 to 1.69) | 1.49 (1.34 to 1.67) | 1.49 (1.33 to 1.67) | |
| Social class | ||||
| Managerial/professional | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Other non-manual | 1.26 (1.10 to 1.45) | 1.24 (1.08 to 1.42) | 1.24 (1.08 to 1.42) | |
| Skilled manual | 1.81 (1.55 to 2.13) | 1.77 (1.51 to 2.08) | 1.78 (1.52 to 2.09) | |
| Semi- and unskilled manual | 1.71 (1.46 to 2.00) | 1.64 (1.41 to 1.92) | 1.64 (1.40 to 1.91) | |
| Unavailable | 1.11 (0.94 to 1.31) | 1.07 (0.91 to 1.26) | 1.07 (0.91 to 1.26) | |
| Benefits | ||||
| Non-recipient | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Recipient | 1.53 (1.37 to 1.70) | 1.51 (1.36 to 1.68) | 1.51 (1.36 to 1.68) | |
| Household income (NZ$) | ||||
| >50 000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 25 000–50 000 | 1.20 (1.07 to 1.35) | 1.13 (1.00 to 1.27) | 1.12 (1.00 to 1.26) | |
| <25 000 | 1.48 (1.30 to 1.68) | 1.36 (1.19 to 1.55) | 1.36 (1.19 to 1.55) | |
| Neighbourhood deprivation | ||||
| 1 (least deprived) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2 | 1.15 (0.94 to 1.41) | 1.15 (0.94 to 1.42) | ||
| 3 | 1.22 (1.00 to 1.49) | 1.22 (1.00 to 1.49) | ||
| 4 | 1.64 (1.36 to 1.98) | 1.65 (1.36 to 1.99) | ||
| 5 (most deprived) | 1.87 (1.53 to 2.29) | 1.86 (1.52 to 2.28) | ||
| Neighbourhood urban/rural status | ||||
| Main urban | 1 | |||
| Secondary urban | 1.12 (0.91 to 1.37) | |||
| Minor urban | 1.02 (0.88 to 1.19) | |||
| Rural centre | 1.08 (0.85 to 1.35) | |||
| Highly rural | 0.92 (0.76 to 1.11) | |||
| Level 2 variance¶ (SE) | 0.13 (0.03) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.02) |
SE, standard error.
*Models include design (to account for sample stratification and oversampling of ethnic minorities) and individual-level sex and age variables.
†Individual-level socioeconomic variables included in models containing design, sex and age variables.
‡Neighbourhood-level deprivation included in models containing individual-level design, sex, age and socioeconomic variables.
§Neighbourhood-level urban area classification included in models containing neighbourhood-level deprivation and individual-level design, sex, age and socioeconomic variables.
¶Variance at the neighbourhood level.