Baseline risk factors according to participation in the resurvey (HALS2) (n = 6484)
| Participated in resurvey | p value for difference | ||
| Yes (n = 4590) | No (n = 1894) | ||
| Sex, n (%) | 0.859 | ||
| Male | 2054 (44.7) | 843 (44.5) | |
| Female | 2536 (55.3) | 1051 (55.5) | |
| Age (years), n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| ⩽32 | 1023 (22.3) | 695 (36.7) | |
| −44 | 1338 (29.2) | 445 (23.5) | |
| −60 | 1283 (28.0) | 407 (21.8) | |
| >60 | 946 (20.6) | 347 (18.3) | |
| Social class, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| I (high) | 264 (5.8) | 93 (4.9) | |
| II | 1109 (24.2) | 408 (21.5) | |
| III | 603 (13.1) | 280 (14.8) | |
| III | 1613 (35.1) | 633 (33.4) | |
| IV | 745 (16.2) | 322 (17.0) | |
| V | 221 (4.8) | 117 (6.2) | |
| Unclassified/no occupation | 35 (0.8) | 41 (2.2) | |
| Hypertensive, n (%) | 0.004 | ||
| Yes | 1790 (39.0) | 666 (35.2) | |
| No | 2800 (61.0) | 1228 (64.8) | |
| Obese, n (%) | 0.949 | ||
| Yes | 424 (9.2) | 174 (9.2) | |
| No | 4166 (90.8) | 1720 (90.8) | |
| Current or former smoker, n (%) | 0.253 | ||
| Yes | 2868 (62.5) | 1212 (64.0) | |
| No | 1722 (37.5) | 682 (36.0) | |
| Heavy drinker, n (%) | 0.297 | ||
| Yes | 1925 (41.9) | 821 (43.3) | |
| No | 2665 (58.1) | 1073 (56.7) | |
| Physical activity in past fortnight, n (%) | 0.732 | ||
| Yes | 2108 (45.9) | 861 (45.5) | |
| No | 2482 (54.1) | 1033 (54.5) | |
| History of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 0.925 | ||
| Yes | 301 (6.6) | 123 (6.5) | |
| No | 4289 (93.4) | 1771 (93.5) | |
| Limiting long-standing illness, n (%) | 0.027 | ||
| Yes | 1464 (31.9) | 551 (29.1) | |
| No | 3126 (68.1) | 1343 (70.9) | |
| Psychological distress, n (%) | 0.006 | ||
| Yes | 980 (21.4) | 464 (24.5) | |
| No | 3610 (78.6) | 1430 (75.5) | |
Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ⩾130/85 mm Hg and/or use of antihypertensive drugs; obesity as a body mass index >30 kg/m2 according to World Health Organization definitions;30 and heavy drinking as a reported weekly alcohol consumption >21 units for men and >14 for women.31 A score of 5 or more on the GHQ-30 was used to denote the presence of psychological distress.