Fully adjusted models of the associations between child and parental perceptions and child’s travel mode to school, stratified by distance from school
| Characteristic | Distance to school less than 1 km | Distance to school 1–2 km | Distance to school over 2 km | |||
| n = 654 | n = 475 | n = 617 | ||||
| Travel by bike | Travel on foot | Travel by bike | Travel on foot | Travel by bike | Travel on foot | |
| OR (95% CI) n = 89 | OR (95% CI) n = 533 | OR (95% CI) n = 65 | OR (95% CI) n = 211 | OR (95% CI) n = 32 | OR (95% CI) n = 61 | |
| Attitudinal factors | ||||||
| Its more convenient to take my child to school by car† | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.09)** | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.17)** | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.22)** | 0.08 (0.04 to 0.17)** | 0.96 (0.36 to 2.51) | 0.57 (0.27 to 1.21) |
| I’m usually around to take my child to school† | 0.40 (0.23 to 0.73)** | 0.32 (0.19 to 0.55)** | 0.79 (0.58 to 1.44) | 0.53 (0.26 to 1.29)* | NI | NI |
| Social support factors | ||||||
| Friend encouragement‡ | 4.48 (3.99 to 4.97)** | 1.70 (1.24 to 2.15) | NI | NI | NI | NI |
| Parental encouragement‡ | 4.63 (4.06 to 5.19)** | 4.01 (3.55 to 4.46)** | 2.85 (1.84 to 5.01)** | 1.91 (1.09 to 1.28)** | 3.22 (1.16 to 8.92)** | 3.18 (1.45 to 6.85)** |
| Physical and social environmental factors | ||||||
| Route environment | ||||||
| Concern about dangerous traffic en route to school† | 0.89 (0.37 to 2.12) | 0.61 (0.33 to 1.15) | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.25)** | 0.36 (0.01 to 0.58)** | 0.19 (0.06 to 0.58)** | 0.48 (0.22 to 1.07) |
| Concern about something happening to my child on the way to school† | 0.38 (0.23 to 0.66)** | 0.56 (0.36 to 0.88)** | 0.46 (0.25 to 0.94)* | 0.57 (0.40 to 1.07)* | NI | NI |
| Neighbourhood environment | ||||||
| Not allowed to play outside because my parents think its not safe‡ | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI |
| It is safe to walk or play in my neighbourhood during the day‡ | 2.5 (1.28 to 4.88)** | 1.84 (1.07 to 3.20)** | NI | NI | NI | NI |
| It is difficult to walk or play near my house because I don’t feel safe‡ | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI |
| Neighbourhood walkability score§ | 1.04 (1.02 to 1.05)* | 1.02 (1.00 to 1.03)* | 1.05 (1.03 to 1.06)** | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.02) | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.04) | 1.05 (1.02 to 1.09)* |
| Neighbourhood sense of community score§ | 1.09 (1.05 to 1.12) | 1.08 (1.04 to 1.11) | 1.11 (1.05 to 1.16)** | 1.05 (1.01 to 1.08)** | NI | NI |
| Urban–rural status | ||||||
| Town and fringe | 2.29 (1.46 to 4.70)** | 0.84 (0.51 to 1.37) | 1.34 (0.78 to 3.08) | 0.70 (0.40 to 1.17) | 0.57 (0.03 to 2.35) | 0.37 (0.08 to 1.50) |
| Village, hamlet, isolated dwelling | 7.38 (5.61 to 10.04)** | 1.83 (1.06 to 3.10) | 3.85 (2.01 to 6.91)* | 0.55 (0.30 to 1.19) | 1.49 (0.52 to 4.75) | 1.29 (0.55 to 3.01) |
NI, Not included in the model *p<0.05 **p<0.01.
†Parent’s perceptions.
‡Child’s perceptions.
§Composite scores of parental perceptions.
All analyses adjusted for age, gender, BMI, maternal active travel to work, car access and distance to school. Travel by motorised mode is the reference outcome category in all models. The reference category is “disagree” for all predictor items except urban rural status, where the reference is “urban” and friend and parental encouragement where the reference category is “no”.