Chronic stressors
| Age-adjusted | ||||||
| South Asian men (n = 776) | White men (n = 606) | Partial η2 | South Asian women (n = 354) | White women (n = 212) | Partial η2 | |
| Residential crowding | 34.4% | 4.0%***† | 0.14 | 29.1% | 4.3%***† | 0.09 |
| Financial strain | 3.82 (0.14) | 2.93 (0.16)***† | 0.01 | 4.09 (0.21) | 3.24 (0.28)* | 0.01 |
| Social cohesion | 58.6 (0.70) | 61.0 (0.79)* | 0.00 | 61.3 (1.02) | 65.3 (1.33)*† | 0.01 |
| Family conflict | 10.9 (0.39) | 8.55 (0.50)***† | 0.02 | 14.2 (0.58) | 10.2 (1.00)**† | 0.03 |
| Work hours per week | 42.1 (0.53) | 41.2 (0.59) | 0.00 | 34.3 (0.79) | 32.7 (0.97) | 0.01 |
| Work stress (0–100) | ||||||
| Demands | 47.1 (1.07) | 52.4 (1.25)***† | 0.01 | 36.6 (1.53) | 32.5 (1.90) | 0.01 |
| Control | 48.3 (1.15) | 54.6 (1.35)***† | 0.01 | 49.5 (1.56) | 41.0 (1.91) | 0.03 |
| Job strain | 1.34 (0.10) | 1.19 (0.12) | 0.00 | 0.92 (0.09) | 1.11 (0.11) | 0.01 |
| Skill discretion | 48.7 (1.02) | 53.7 (1.20)***† | 0.01 | 45.3 (1.44) | 34.7 (1.78)***† | 0.06 |
| Decision latitude | 48.4 (0.99) | 54.1 (1.16)***† | 0.02 | 47.5 (1.29) | 38.0 (1.60)***† | 0.06 |
| Effort | 45.2 (1.22) | 56.2 (1.43)***† | 0.04 | 32.1 (1.55) | 26.1 (1.92) | 0.02 |
| Rewards | 28.1 (0.56) | 33.9 (0.65)***† | 0.05 | 23.1 (0.72) | 21.1 (0.88) | 0.01 |
| Effort–reward imbalance | 1.74 (0.07) | 1.63 (0.08) | 0.00 | 1.55 (0.11) | 1.23 (0.13) | 0.01 |
| Work support | 45.4 (1.06) | 57.0 (1.26)***† | 0.06 | 33.7 (1.44) | 32.8 (1.79) | 0.00 |
| Experience of racism | 9.5% | 6.3%* | 0.00 | 8.4% | 3.0%* | 0.01 |
| Discrimination | 34.4% | 19.7%***† | 0.03 | 35.6% | 11.2%***† | 0.07 |
Values are means (SD or SE), %,0 and Partial η2.
Significant ethnic group difference, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
†Significant ethnic group difference remains after adjustment for SES, p<0.05.