Table 5

Association between unemployment >89 days and all-cause and cause-specific mortality 1995–2003

All-cause mortality (n = 673)Violent death (n = 130)Suicide (n = 85)Violent death other than suicide (n = 45)Non-violent death (n = 541)CVD (n = 224)
HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)
Crude1.91 (1.58 to 2.31)2.40 (1.60 to 3.59)2.20 (1.32 to 3.67)2.78 (1.44 to 5.39)1.80 (1.45 to 2.23)1.72 (1.22 to 2.41)
Crowded housing 19601.88 (1.56 to 2.27)2.40 (1.60 to 3.59)2.14 (1.28 to 3.56)2.71 (1.40 to 5.27)1.78 (1.43 to 2.20)1.68 (1.20 to 2.36)
Childhood SEP 19601.90 (1.57 to 2.30)2.40 (1.60 to 3.59)2.21 (1.32 to 3.68)2.77 (1.43 to 5.37)1.79 (1.44 to 2.22)1.66 (1.18 to 2.33)
Risk use of alcohol 19691.85 (1.53 to 2.23)2.29 (1.52 to 3.43)2.14 (1.28 to 3.58)2.55 (1.31 to 4.96)1.75 (1.41 to 2.17)1.63 (1.16 to 2.29)
Smoking 19691.83 (1.51 to 2.21)2.30 (1.53 to 3.45)2.16 (1.29 to 3.61)2.55 (1.32 to 4.96)1.72 (1.39 to 2.13)1.59 (1.13 to 2.23)
Psychiatric diagnosis 19691.88 (1.55 to 2.27)2.29 (1.53 to 3.43)2.11 (1.26 to 3.52)2.64 (1.36 to 5.12)1.78 (1.44 to 2.21)1.69 (1.20 to 2.38)
Low emotional control 19691.88 (1.55 to 2.27)2.31 (1.54 to 3.46)2.13 (1.28 to 3.55)2.68 (1.38 to 5.20)1.77 (1.43 to 2.20)1.69 (1.20 to 2.37)
Police/childcare contact 19691.83 (1.51 to 2.21)2.22 (1.48 to 3.33)2.11 (1.26 to 3.52)2.41 (1.24 to 4.68)1.74 (1.40 to 2.16)1.62 (1.16 to 2.28)
Adjusted for all above1.73 (1.43 to 2.09)2.06 (1.37 to 3.10)1.98 (1.18 to 3.32)2.19 (1.12 to 4.29)1.65 (1.33 to 2.05)1.47 (1.04 to 2.07)
% reduction of HR202419331934
Psychiatric diagnosis 1973–911.69 (1.39 to 2.04)1.95 (1.29 to 2.95)1.77 (1.05 to 2.98)2.33 (1.19 to 4.58)1.62 (1.30 to 2.02)1.56 (1.11 to 2.19)
    Adjusted for all above1.57 (1.29 to 1.90)1.75 (1.15 to 2.66)1.67 (0.98 to 2.83)1.92 (0.97 to 3.80)1.52 (1.22 to 1.89)1.37 (0.97 to 1.94)
    % reduction of HR384644494448
SEP 19901.77 (1.46 to 2.14)2.23 (1.48 to 3.37)1.94 (1.15 to 3.27)2.89 (1.47 to 5.68)1.66 (1.34 to 2.07)1.52 (1.08 to 2.15)
Education 19901.75 (1.45 to 2.12)2.17 (1.44 to 3.27)1.97 (1.18 to 3.30)2.59 (1.32 to 5.06)1.66 (1.33 to 2.06)1.53 (1.09 to 2.16)
Income 1990–11.61 (1.33 to 1.96)2.06 (1.37 to 3.11)1.88 (1.12 to 3.16)2.43 (1.24 to 4.76)1.52 (1.22 to 1.89)1.38 (0.98 to 1.95)
Sickness absence 1990–11.55 (1.28 to 1.88)1.86 (1.23 to 2.81)1.74 (1.03 to 2.94)2.07 (1.05 to 4.09)1.48 (1.18 to 1.84)1.36 (0.96 to 1.92)
    Full model1.30 (1.06 to 1.58)1.55 (1.01 to 2.37)1.42 (0.83 to 2.44)1.82 (0.90 to 3.69)1.24 (0.99 to 1.55)1.08 (0.76 to 1.53)
    % reduction of HR676165546589

  • Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) with 95% CIs. CVD, cardiovascular disease; SEP, socioeconomic position.

  • Values in bold and italic represent the attenuation of the hazard ratio.