Percentage increases and 95% CIs for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-related emergency department visits due to interquartile range increases in PM10 (28.3 μg/m3), SO2 (7.8 μg/m3) and CO (1.3 ppm) according to gender and age
| Percentage increase (95% CI) | |||||
| Total | Male | Female | 40–64 years | >64 years | |
| PM10 | |||||
| Lag 0 | 9.8 (1.0 to 19.3) | 7.9 (−3.4 to 20.6) | 13.6 (1.1 to 27.6) | 10.4 (−1.2 to 23.3) | 12.0 (−0.3 to 25.8) |
| Lag 1 | 1.7 (−2.7 to 6.3) | 4.6 (−1.0 to 10.6) | −0.1 (−5.4 to 5.6) | 3.7 (−1.8 to 9.7) | 1.1 (−4.3 to 6.9) |
| Lag 2 | −0.0 (−4.4 to 4.5) | 3.2 (−2.99 to 9.6) | −3.3 (−9.0 to 2.7) | 1.7 (−4.3 to 8.1) | −1.7 (−7.5 to 4.5) |
| Lag 3 | 0.1 (−3.1 to 3.5) | 2.6 (−1.9 to 7.2) | −1.1 (−5.4 to 3.4) | 1.7 (−2.7 to 6.3) | 0.3 (−4.1 to 4.8) |
| Lag 4 | 3.2 (−1.3 to 7.8) | 2.3 (−3.2 to 8.1) | 0.3 (−5.6 to 6.6) | 1.7 (−4.3 to 8.1) | 4.3 (−1.8 to 10.9) |
| Lag 5 | 2.9 (−1.0, 6.9) | 1.7 (−3.8, 7.5) | 4.3 (−1.3, 10.3) | 0.1 (−5.3, 5.8) | 7.9 (2.1, 14.1) |
| Lag 6 | −2.0 (−8.8 to 5.4) | 0.3 (−8.7 to 10.2) | −0.6 (−10.0 to 9.9 ) | −5.2 (−14.2 to 4.7) | 8.2 (−2.0 to 19.6) |
| S* 2 days | 11.7 (1.6 to 22.7) | 12.9 (−0.0 to 27.6) | 13.5 (−0.1 to 28.9) | 14.5 (1.4 to 29.4) | 13.2 (−0.3 to 28.6) |
| S 3 days | 11.6 (1.0 to 23.3) | 16.5 (2.6 to 32.3) | 9.7 (−4.5 to 26.0) | 16.5 (2.0 to 33.0) | 11.3 (−2.5 to 27.2) |
| S 6 days | 18.6 (3.8 to 35.5) | 24.3 (5.3 to 46.8) | 13.5 (−4.9 to 35.5) | 20.6 (1.6 to 43.2) | 25.7 (5.9 to 49.2) |
| S 7 days | 17.5 (−12.6 to 57.9) | 24.7 (5.0 to 48.0) | 12.9 (−5.5 to 34.7) | 14.3 (−4.8 to 37.2) | 36.0 (14.6 to 61.5) |
| SO2 | |||||
| Lag 0 | 9.1 (6.6 to 11.6) | 5.5 (−5.5 to 17.8) | 15.0 (2.1 to 29.6) | 12.8 (0.7 to 26.3) | 3.2 (−0.1 to 6.5) |
| Lag 1 | 2.7 (1.4 to 4.0) | 5.6 (−0.3 to 11.9) | −0.2 (−6.2 to 6.3) | 4.0 (−2.0 to 10.4) | 0.3 (−1.2 to 1.9) |
| Lag 2 | 0.6 (−0.6 to 1.9) | 4.2 (−1.8 to 10.6) | −3.9 (−10.0 to 2.6) | 1.3 (−4.8 to 7.9) | −0.4 (−2.1 to 1.3) |
| Lag 3 | 0.9 (−0.1 to 1.8) | 2.1 (−2.3 to 6.8) | −1.9 (−6.5 to 3.1) | 1.7 (−2.9 to 6.4) | 0.7 (−0.5 to 1.9) |
| Lag 4 | 1.5 (0.3 to 2.7) | 0.2 (−5.6 to 6.3) | 2.0 (−4.4 to 8.7) | 2.1 (−4.0 to 8.5) | 1.2 (−0.5 to 2.9) |
| Lag 5 | 0.8 (−0.3 to 1.9) | −1.1 (−6.5 to 4.7) | 3.3 (−2.6 to 9.4) | −0.1 (−5.7 to 5.9) | 2.1 (0.6 to 3.7) |
| Lag 6 | −3.1 (−5.0 to −1.1) | −0.8 (−10.3 to 9.8) | −2.5 (−12.4 to 8.5) | −7.3 (−16.6 to 3.0) | 2.2 (−0.6 to 5.1) |
| S 2 days | 12.0 (1.5 to 23.5) | 11.5 (−1.7 to 26.4) | 14.8 (0.2 to 31.6) | 17.3 (3.0 to 33.6) | 3.5 (−0.1 to 7.2) |
| S 3 days | 12.7 (1.2 to 25.4) | 16.2 (1.4 to 33.1) | 10.3 (−4.9 to 28.0) | 18.8 (2.9 to 37.2) | 3.1 (−0.6 to 7.0) |
| S 6 days | 16.3 (0.7 to 34.3) | 17.5 (−2.2 to 41.2) | 14.0 (−6.6 to 39.1) | 21.2 (−0.4 to 47.4) | 7.3 (2.3 to 12.5) |
| S 7 days | 12.7 (−3.0 to 30.9) | 16.6 (−3.5 to 41.0) | 11.1 (−9.5 to 36.4) | 12.3 (−8.5 to 37.9) | 9.7 (4.6 to 15.0) |
| CO | |||||
| Lag 0 | −0.4 (−6.2 to 5.7) | −0.4 (−7.7 to 7.5) | −0.3 (−8.2 to 8.2) | −0.7 (−2.5 to 1.1) | 1.5 (−6.5 to 10.2) |
| Lag 1 | 1.0 (−2.1 to 4.3) | 2.9 (−1.2 to 7.2) | −0.5 (−4.7 to 3.8) | 2.4 (1.4 to 3.4) | −0.7 (−4.9 to 3.6) |
| Lag 2 | 2.3 (−1.0 to 5.7) | 3.5 (−0.9 to 8.0) | 0.7 (−3.8 to 5.4) | 3.0 (1.9 to 4.0) | 0.2 (−4.3 to 4.9) |
| Lag 3 | 3.1 (0.6 to 5.7) | 2.3 (−1.0 to 5.7) | 2.5 (−0.9 to 6.0) | 1.9 (1.2 to 2.7) | 2.7 (−0.6 to 6.3) |
| Lag 4 | 3.2 (−0.1 to 6.6) | 0.6 (−3.7 to 5.1) | 4.0 (−0.3 to 8.6) | 0.3 (−0.7 to 1.3) | 5.4 (0.9 to 10.0) |
| Lag 5 | 2.2 (−0.9 to 5.5) | −0.6 (−4.7 to 3.7) | 4.6 (0.4 to 8.9) | −0.9 (−1.9 to 0.0) | 6.3 (2.0 to 10.8) |
| Lag 6 | 0.1 (−5.5 to 6.0) | −0.1 (−7.4 to 7.6) | 3.2 (−4.3 to 11.2) | −0.9 (−2.5 to 0.8) | 3.8 (−3.7 to 11.9) |
| S 2 days | 0.6 (−6.1 to 7.7) | 2.5 (−6.0 to 11.8) | −0.8 (−9.6 to 8.8) | 1.7 (−0.4 to 3.9) | −1.4 (−10.1 to 8.0) |
| S 3 days | 3.7 (−3.7 to 11.7) | 6.1 (−3.5 to 16.6) | −0.1 (−9.6 to 10.3) | 4.7 (2.4 to 7.2) | −0.1 (−9.5 to 10.2) |
| S 6 days | 12.8 (2.2 to 24.6) | 8.6 (−4.8 to 23.8) | 11.3 (−2.0 to 26.4) | 6.1 (2.8 to 9.5) | 10.2 (−2.8 to 24.9) |
| S 7 days | 12.9 (1.3 to 25.9) | 8.4 (8.0 to 8.8) | 14.8 (0.3 to 31.4) | 5.2 (1.8 to 8.7) | 14.3 (0.2 to 30.2) |
*Sum.