Table 2 Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for incident functional disability per one standard deviation (SD) increase in relative deprivation: the Aichi Gerontological Evaluation Study (AGES), Aichi, Japan, 2003–2006
Reference group defined by:CrudeModel 1Model 2
Men
    Area1.23 (1.13 to 1.33)1.14 (1.00 to 1.30)1.09 (0.95 to 1.24)
    Age1.26 (1.16 to 1.36)1.14 (1.00 to 1.31)1.09 (0.95 to 1.26)
    Education1.19 (1.10 to 1.30)1.15 (1.01 to 1.31)1.09 (0.96 to 1.25)
    Area and sex1.23 (1.14 to 1.33)1.14 (1.00 to 1.30)1.09 (0.95 to 1.25)
    Age and sex1.22 (1.13 to 1.33)1.14 (1.00 to 1.31)1.09 (0.95 to 1.25)
    Education and sex1.19 (1.10 to 1.29)1.15 (1.01 to 1.31)1.09 (0.96 to 1.25)
    Area, sex and age1.21 (1.12 to 1.32)1.13 (0.99 to 1.29)1.08 (0.94 to 1.23)
    Area, sex and education1.19 (1.10 to 1.29)1.14 (1.01 to 1.30)1.09 (0.95 to 1.24)
Women
    Area1.07 (0.98 to 1.18)1.12 (0.95 to 1.32)1.07 (0.91 to 1.26)
    Age1.10 (1.01 to 1.21)1.18 (1.00 to 1.39)1.12 (0.95 to 1.33)
    Education1.07 (0.97 to 1.17)1.16 (0.99 to 1.37)1.11 (0.94 to 1.30)
    Area and sex1.07 (0.97 to 1.17)1.11 (0.95 to 1.31)1.06 (0.90 to 1.25)
    Age and sex1.14 (1.04 to 1.24)1.18 (0.99 to 1.39)1.12 (0.94 to 1.33)
    Education and sex1.07 (0.97 to 1.17)1.16 (0.99 to 1.37)1.11 (0.94 to 1.30)
    Area, sex and age1.12 (1.02 to 1.23)1.11 (0.94 to 1.31)1.06 (0.90 to 1.25)
    Area, sex and education1.06 (0.97 to 1.16)1.14 (0.97 to 1.33)1.08 (0.92 to 1.27)
  • Model 1 is adjusted for age, income, marital status, medical care utilisation and education. Model 2 is adjusted for the covariates in Model 1 plus smoking, alcohol consumption and health check-up. Relative deprivations are calculated using household equivalised income. Income as a covariate is not equivalised (in order to minimise multicollinearity between relative deprivation and income).