Model 1: Adjusted for all individual factors | Model 2: + Adjusted for all family factors | Model 3: + Adjusted for all community factors | Model 4: + Adjusted for all area factors | |
Individual | ||||
Birthweight z-score | 1.36 (1.30 to 1.43)* | 1.35 (1.28 to 1.42)* | 1.35 (1.29 to 1.42)* | 1.36 (1.30 to 1.42)* |
Child’s ethnicity | ||||
White | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Mixed | 1.16 (0.86 to 1.57) | 1.05 (0.78 to 1.42) | 1.04 (0.77 to 1.40) | 1.18 (0.90 to 1.53) |
Indian | 0.46 (0.32 to 0.65)* | 0.49 (0.33 to 0.73)* | 0.49 (0.33 to 0.73)* | 0.63 (0.42 to 0.94)* |
Pakistani | 0.94 (0.77 to 1.14) | 0.98 (0.78 to 1.22) | 0.98 (0.78 to 1.23) | 1.01 (0.81 to 1.26) |
Bangladeshi | 1.13 (0.76 to 1.68) | 1.03 (0.61 to 1.75) | 1.01 (0.60 to 1.70) | 1.04 (0.67 to 1.60) |
Black | 1.61 (1.25 to 2.07)* | 1.35 (1.08 to 1.69)* | 1.29 (1.03 to 1.61)* | 1.41 (1.11 to 1.80)* |
Other ethnic group | 1.03 (0.61 to 1.74) | 1.15 (0.66 to 2.02) | 1.12 (0.65 to 1.93) | 0.75 (0.44 to 1.30) |
Breastfeeding duration | ||||
Never breastfed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
<4 months | 0.87 (0.79 to 0.96)* | 0.90 (0.81 to 1.00)* | 0.90 (0.81 to 1.00)* | 0.92 (0.83 to 1.00)* |
⩾4 months | 0.73 (0.64 to 0.84)* | 0.84 (0.73 to 0.97)* | 0.84 (0.74 to 0.97)* | 0.86 (0.76 to 0.97)* |
Introduction of solid foods | ||||
<4 months | 1.18 (1.07 to 1.31)* | 1.11 (1.00 to 1.23)* | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.23)* | 1.12 (1.02 to 1.23)* |
⩾4 months | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
TV viewing (hours daily) | ||||
<1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
⩾1 and <3 | 1.11 (0.99 to 1.25) | 1.08 (0.96 to 1.22) | 1.08 (0.95 to 1.22) | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.19) |
⩾3 | 1.17 (1.00 to 1.36)* | 1.07 (0.91 to 1.27) | 1.07 (0.90 to 1.26) | 1.08 (0.95 to 1.23) |
Family | ||||
Lone motherhood status | ||||
Lone mother | 1.49 (1.26 to 1.78)* | 1.47 (1.24 to 1.76)* | 1.32 (1.15 to 1.51)* | |
Non-lone mother | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Smoking during pregnancy (daily) | ||||
None | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
1–9 | 1.26 (1.07 to 1.50)* | 1.25 (1.06 to 1.49)* | 1.34 (1.17 to 1.54)* | |
10–19 | 1.56 (1.26 to 1.94)* | 1.55 (1.25 to 1.92)* | 1.49 (1.26 to 1.75)* | |
20+ | 1.16 (0.86 to 1.58) | 1.16 (0.85 to 1.57) | 1.34 (1.05 to 1.70)* | |
Parental overweight | ||||
Both | 2.01 (1.69 to 2.39)* | 2.02 (1.70 to 2.40)* | 1.89 (1.63 to 2.19)* | |
Mother only | 1.40 (1.18 to 1.66)* | 1.40 (1.18 to 1.66)* | 1.37 (1.18 to 1.58)* | |
Father only | 1.41 (1.22 to 1.63)* | 1.42 (1.23 to 1.64)* | 1.45 (1.28 to 1.63)* | |
Neither | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Maternal prepregnancy overweight | ||||
Yes | 1.27 (1.11 to 1.45)* | 1.27 (1.11 to 1.45)* | 1.28 (1.14 to 1.45)* | |
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Maternal hours worked per week | ||||
Never worked | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
1–20 hours | 1.08 (0.95 to 1.22) | 1.08 (0.95 to 1.23) | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.23) | |
21+ hours | 1.26 (1.10 to 1.45)* | 1.27 (1.11 to 1.46)* | 1.23 (1.10 to 1.37)* | |
Community | ||||
Access to a garden | ||||
Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
No | 1.18 (0.98 to 1.42) | 1.15 (0.99 to 1.34) | ||
Area | ||||
Country | ||||
England | 1 | |||
Wales | 1.15 (1.01 to 1.31)* | |||
Scotland | 1.06 (0.91 to 1.24) | |||
Northern Ireland | 1.11 (0.97 to 1.28) | |||
Ward type | ||||
Advantaged | 1 | |||
Disadvantaged | 1.00 (0.90 to 1.10) | |||
Ethnic | 0.98 (0.80 to 1.19) |
*p⩽0.05.