Outcome | Lead levels (μg/g) | Regression parameters* | ||||||
0–2 | 3–5 | 6–8 | 9–11 | 12+ | B | SE | p Value | |
Adjusted mean number of violent/property convictions, ages 14–21† | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.35 | 0.52 | 0.79 | 0.41 | 0.18 | 0.02 |
Adjusted mean number of self-reported/violent/ property offences, ages 14–21‡ | 7.40 | 7.93 | 8.49 | 9.10 | 9.74 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.52 |
*Negative binomial regression.
†Covariate factors: family socioeconomic status at birth (B = 0.37, SE = 0.14, p = 0.01); ethnicity (B = −1.5, SE = 0.53, p = 0.004); parental criminal offending (B = 1.7, SE = 0.51, p<0.001); parental alcoholism (B = 1.1, SE = 0.52, p<0.001). Intervening factors: leaving school without qualifications (B = 1.89; SE = 0.50, p<0.001); grade point average, ages 11–13 (B = −0.23, SE = 0.25, p = 0.35).
‡Covariate factors: maternal education (B = 0.41, SE = 0.13, p = 0.002); ethnicity (B = −0.52, SE = 0.32, p = 0.11); family conflict (B = 0.004, SE = 0.001, p = 0.02); exposure to childhood physical abuse (B = 0.44, SE = 0.15, p = 0.004); maternal smoking during pregnancy (B = 0.03, SE = 0.02, p = 0.05). Intervening factors: leaving school without qualifications (B = 1.03; SE = 0.28, p<0.001); grade point average, ages 11–13 (B = −0.16, SE = 0.13, p = 0.21).