Table 2 Associations between dentine lead levels and crime, after adjustment for covariate factors

Outcome	Lead levels (μg/g)					Regression parameters*
Outcome	0–2	3–5	6–8	9–11	12+	B	SE	p Value
Adjusted mean number of violent/property convictions, ages 14–21†	0.24	0.39	0.63	1.03	1.67	0.49	0.17	0.005
Adjusted mean number of self-reported/violent/ property offences, ages 14–21‡	5.91	7.22	8.81	10.76	13.13	0.20	0.10	0.047

*Negative binomial regression.
†Significant covariate factors: family socioeconomic status at birth (B = 0.48, SE = 0.14, p<0.001); ethnicity (B = −1.8, SE = 0.53, p<0.001); parental criminal offending (B = 2.4, SE = 0.54, p<0.001); parental alcoholism (B = 1.4, SE = 0.53, p = 0.01).
‡Significant covariate factors: maternal education (B = 0.25, SE = 0.12, p = 0.04); ethnicity (B = −0.77, SE = 0.31, p = 0.01); family conflict (B = 0.003, SE = 0.002, p = 0.02); exposure to childhood physical abuse (B = 0.45, SE = 0.15, p = 0.003); maternal smoking during pregnancy (B = 0.04, SE = 0.02, p = 0.004).