| Model 1 | Robust SE | Beta | Probability | Model 2 | R2 = 0.38 | Beta | Probability | |
| Coefficient | Coefficient | Robust SE | ||||||
| Assault | ||||||||
| Basic education (%) | 2.25 | 0.46 | 0.33 | 0.000 | 2.62 | 0.53 | 0.38 | 0.000 |
| Manual class (%) | 2.25 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.000 | ||||
| Unemployment | 7.72 | 0.94 | 0.43 | 0.000 | ||||
| Income | −2.63 | 0.66 | −0.37 | 0.000 | ||||
| Single-parent family (%) | 1.66 | 0.24 | 0.37 | 0.000 | 3.10 | 0.93 | 0.38 | 0.001 |
| Not owning a home (%) | 1.11 | 0.25 | 0.36 | 0.000 | ||||
| Outmigration | 2.67 | 1.30 | 0.33 | 0.043 | ||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | R2 = 0.42 | ||||||
| Assault in private homes | ||||||||
| Basic education (%) | 0.52 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.038 | ||||
| Manual class (%) | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.190 | ||||
| Unemployment | 2.68 | 0.58 | 0.55 | 0.000 | ||||
| Income | −0.49 | 0.20 | −0.26 | 0.017 | ||||
| Single-parent family (%) | 0.78 | 0.10 | 0.65 | 0.000 | 0.78 | 0.10 | 0.65 | 0.000 |
| Not owning a home (%) | 0.29 | 0.09 | 0.35 | 0.003 | ||||
| Outmigration | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.238 | ||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | R2 = 0.69 | ||||||
| Domestic violence | ||||||||
| Basic education (%) | 2.83 | 0.46 | 0.73 | 0.000 | ||||
| Manual class (%) | 2.52 | 0.36 | 0.77 | 0.000 | 1.12 | 0.25 | 0.34 | 0.000 |
| Unemployment | 8.73 | 1.01 | 0.86 | 0.000 | 6.40 | 0.99 | 0.63 | 0.000 |
| Income | −2.40 | 0.51 | −0.60 | 0.000 | ||||
| Single-parent family (%) | 1.38 | 0.30 | 0.55 | 0.000 | ||||
| Not owning a home (%) | 0.89 | 0.22 | 0.52 | 0.000 | ||||
| Outmigration | 1.05 | 0.69 | 0.23 | 0.134 | ||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | R2 = 0.18 | ||||||
| Custody | ||||||||
| Basic education (%) | 7.84 | 3.38 | 0.18 | 0.023 | 10.15 | 4.49 | 0.23 | 0.027 |
| Manual class (%) | 9.13 | 2.89 | 0.24 | 0.002 | ||||
| Unemployment | 28.21 | 5.10 | 0.25 | 0.000 | ||||
| Income | −12.35 | 3.78 | −0.27 | 0.002 | ||||
| Single-parent family (%) | 6.11 | 1.19 | 0.21 | 0.000 | 19.11 | 8.64 | 0.37 | 0.030 |
| Not owning a home (%) | 6.02 | 1.90 | 0.31 | 0.002 | ||||
| Outmigration | 17.48 | 9.45 | 0.34 | 0.068 |
Area characteristics were measured as continuous in the linear regression.
Model 1. Bivariate model. Each of the area characteristics was analysed separately.
Model 2. Multivariate model. All significant area characteristics are included in the analysis.