Apheis city | Year of the data | Mortality and demographic data | PM10 | PM2.5 | |||||
Annual deaths, 30 years and over | Population, 30 years and over | Mortality rate, 30 years and over (×1000) | Measurement method | PM10 measured levels (annual average, μg/m3) | Correction factor** | Conversion factor from PM10 to PM2.5*** | Converted PM2.5 (annual average, μg/m3) | ||
Athens | 2001 | 28407 | 2023945 | 14.04 | β-attenuation | 52.1 | 1.3* | 0.46 | 31.2 |
Barcelona | 2002 | 16385 | 1033376 | 15.86 | gravimetric | 39.7 | 1 | 0.6 | 23.8 |
Bilbao | 2002 | 6145 | 483690 | 12.70 | β-radiation absorption | 36.2 | 1.2 | 0.5# | 21.7 |
Bordeaux | 2001 | 4819 | 355470 | 13.56 | TEOM (50°C) | 21.0 | † | 0.67 | 16.9 |
Budapest | 2001 | 24291 | 1137019 | 21.36 | TSP, β-ray-operation†† | 22.2 | †† | 0.5# | 14.4 |
Cracow | 2001 | 6783 | 446727 | 15.18 | β-gauge-monitor | 42.2 | 1 | 0.8 | 33.8 |
Dublin | 2002 | 4099 | 269201 | 15.23 | gravimetric | 24.0 | 1 | 0.3 | 7.2 |
Gothenburg | 2002 | 4557 | 291234 | 15.65 | TEOM (50°C) | 17.8 | 1.2 | 0.5# | 10.7 |
Hamburg | 2001 | 17651 | 1176425 | 15.00 | TEOM. β-absorption | 19.1 | 1.3* | 0.5# | 12.4 |
Le Havre | 2001 | 2210 | 148864 | 14.85 | TEOM (50°C) | 21.4 | † | 0.5# | 12.0 |
Lille | 2001 | 6090 | 586349 | 10.39 | TEOM (50°C) | 21.4 | † | 0.66 | 17.8 |
Lisbon | 2002 | 17895 | 1215742 | 14.72 | β-attenuation | 28.8 | 1.11 | 0.48 | 15.4 |
Ljubljana | 2001 | 2632 | 170852 | 15.41 | TEOM (50°C) | 29.5 | 1.3* | 0.5# | 19.2 |
London | 2001 | 54576 | 4166772 | 13.10 | TEOM | 13.1 | 1.3* | 0.5# | 8.5 |
Lyon | 2001 | 5763 | 456298 | 12.63 | TEOM | 22.2 | † | 0.5# | 13.0 |
Madrid | 2002 | 25692 | 1952919 | 13.16 | β-attenuation | 33.3 | 1.0 | 0.51 | 17.0 |
Marseilles | 2001 | 7794 | 527824 | 14.77 | TEOM (50°C) | 29.0 | † | 0.65 | 20.1 |
Paris | 2001 | 42983 | 3664892 | 11.73 | TEOM | 22.4 | † | 0.5# | 13.5 |
Prague | 2001 | 13017 | 756713 | 17.20 | β-radiation absorption | 26.2 | 1.3* | 0.5# | 22.1 |
Rome | 2001 | 21439 | 1754427 | 12.22 | β-gauge monitor | 47.3 | 1.3* | 0.5# | 30.5 |
Rotterdam | 2001 | 6295 | 360594 | 17.46 | β-gauge monitor | 28.5 | 1.3* | 0.6 | 22.2 |
Rouen | 2001 | 3533 | 252908 | 13.97 | TEOM (50°C) | 21.4 | † | 0.5# | 11.1 |
Seville | 2001 | 5694 | 416364 | 13.68 | β-radiation-attenuation | 40.5 | 1.13 | 0.5# | 22.9 |
Stockholm | 2002 | 10625 | 745567 | 14.25 | TEOM (50°C) | 15.2 | 1.2 | 0.65 | 11.8 |
Toulouse | 2001 | 4410 | 388010 | 11.37 | TEOM (50°C) | 22.0 | † | 0.65 | 16.3 |
Vienna | 2002 | 16652 | 1052083 | 15.83 | gravimetric | 30.0 | 1 | ††† | 16.5 |
TEOM, tapered element oscillating microbalance; TSP, total suspended particulates.
**A correction factor was used to correct the automatic PM10 measurements in order to compensate losses of volatile material. *A correction factor by default (1.3) was applied when a local (that is, for that city) correction factor was not available (cities marked with *).
***A conversion factor was used to obtain estimates of PM2.5 for each city from PM10 meaurements. #A conversion factor by default (0.5) was applied when a local (that is, for that city) correction factor was no available (cities marked with #).
†French cities: as part of the national programme for PM surveillance a specific polynomial regression has been used for correction of PM10 in each city. The coefficients of these regressions were derived from parallel PM10 measurements within each city.
††PM10 = TSP × 0.58.
†††Estimated PM2.5 by local modelling.