Table 1 Apheis cities, demographic and environmental data

Apheis city	Year of the data	Mortality and demographic data			PM₁₀			PM_2.5
Apheis city	Year of the data	Annual deaths, 30 years and over	Population, 30 years and over	Mortality rate, 30 years and over (×1000)	Measurement method	PM₁₀ measured levels (annual average, μg/m3)	Correction factor**	Conversion factor from PM₁₀ to PM_2.5***	Converted PM_2.5(annual average, μg/m3)
Athens	2001	28407	2023945	14.04	β-attenuation	52.1	1.3*	0.46	31.2
Barcelona	2002	16385	1033376	15.86	gravimetric	39.7	1	0.6	23.8
Bilbao	2002	6145	483690	12.70	β-radiation absorption	36.2	1.2	0.5#	21.7
Bordeaux	2001	4819	355470	13.56	TEOM (50°C)	21.0	†	0.67	16.9
Budapest	2001	24291	1137019	21.36	TSP, β-ray-operation††	22.2	††	0.5#	14.4
Cracow	2001	6783	446727	15.18	β-gauge-monitor	42.2	1	0.8	33.8
Dublin	2002	4099	269201	15.23	gravimetric	24.0	1	0.3	7.2
Gothenburg	2002	4557	291234	15.65	TEOM (50°C)	17.8	1.2	0.5#	10.7
Hamburg	2001	17651	1176425	15.00	TEOM. β-absorption	19.1	1.3*	0.5#	12.4
Le Havre	2001	2210	148864	14.85	TEOM (50°C)	21.4	†	0.5#	12.0
Lille	2001	6090	586349	10.39	TEOM (50°C)	21.4	†	0.66	17.8
Lisbon	2002	17895	1215742	14.72	β-attenuation	28.8	1.11	0.48	15.4
Ljubljana	2001	2632	170852	15.41	TEOM (50°C)	29.5	1.3*	0.5#	19.2
London	2001	54576	4166772	13.10	TEOM	13.1	1.3*	0.5#	8.5
Lyon	2001	5763	456298	12.63	TEOM	22.2	†	0.5#	13.0
Madrid	2002	25692	1952919	13.16	β-attenuation	33.3	1.0	0.51	17.0
Marseilles	2001	7794	527824	14.77	TEOM (50°C)	29.0	†	0.65	20.1
Paris	2001	42983	3664892	11.73	TEOM	22.4	†	0.5#	13.5
Prague	2001	13017	756713	17.20	β-radiation absorption	26.2	1.3*	0.5#	22.1
Rome	2001	21439	1754427	12.22	β-gauge monitor	47.3	1.3*	0.5#	30.5
Rotterdam	2001	6295	360594	17.46	β-gauge monitor	28.5	1.3*	0.6	22.2
Rouen	2001	3533	252908	13.97	TEOM (50°C)	21.4	†	0.5#	11.1
Seville	2001	5694	416364	13.68	β-radiation-attenuation	40.5	1.13	0.5#	22.9
Stockholm	2002	10625	745567	14.25	TEOM (50°C)	15.2	1.2	0.65	11.8
Toulouse	2001	4410	388010	11.37	TEOM (50°C)	22.0	†	0.65	16.3
Vienna	2002	16652	1052083	15.83	gravimetric	30.0	1	†††	16.5

TEOM, tapered element oscillating microbalance; TSP, total suspended particulates.
**A correction factor was used to correct the automatic PM₁₀ measurements in order to compensate losses of volatile material. *A correction factor by default (1.3) was applied when a local (that is, for that city) correction factor was not available (cities marked with *).
***A conversion factor was used to obtain estimates of PM_2.5 for each city from PM₁₀ meaurements. #A conversion factor by default (0.5) was applied when a local (that is, for that city) correction factor was no available (cities marked with #).
†French cities: as part of the national programme for PM surveillance a specific polynomial regression has been used for correction of PM₁₀ in each city. The coefficients of these regressions were derived from parallel PM₁₀ measurements within each city.
††PM₁₀ = TSP × 0.58.
†††Estimated PM_2.5 by local modelling.