Table 4 Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of poor self-rated health by societal characteristics in different multilevel models
Societal characteristic, unit of effect(1) Odds ratio adjusted for age and sex(2) Odds ratio adjusted for age,sex and individual SES*(3) Odds ratio adjusted for age, sex, individual SES* and GDP
GDP PPP, per $5000 increase0.75 (0.65 to 0.86)0.79 (0.68 to 0.93)NA
Annual growth, per 1%0.90 (0.83 to 0.98)0.93 (0.85 to 1.02)1.00 (0.90 to 1.12)
Maximum economic contraction, per 10%1.10 (1.0 to 1.20)1.08 (0.99 to 1.19)1.02 (0.90 to 1.16)
Gini coefficient, per 0.1 unit increase1.15 (0.95 to 1.39)1.12 (0.93 to 1.34)1.03 (0.87 to 1.22)
Corruption index, per 1 unit (minimum 0, maximum 10)1.20 (1.08 to 1.33)1.15 (1.03 to 1.29)1.07 (0.96 to 1.20)
Homicide rates (per 10/100,000 increase)1.09 (1.00 to 1.19)1.08 (0.98 to 1.18)1.05 (0.96 to 1.15)
Ratio of 80th/20th income percentile, per 1-unit increase1.13 (0.92 to 1.39)1.05 (0.84 to 1.32)0.87 (0.67 to 1.14)
Ratio of 90th/10th income percentile, per 1-unit increase1.02 (0.95 to 1.11)1.00 (0.93 to 1.09)0.96 (0.89 to 1.03)
  • *Education, quartile of household income, number of household items and marital status.