Characteristics of the 60 799 participants by scores on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
| Characteristic | Reference group (n = 48 398) | Anxiety (n = 5818) | Depression (n = 2982) | Comorbid anxiety and depression (n = 3601) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI, body mass index; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. | ||||
| Scores on the anxiety (HADS-A) and depression (HADS-D) subscales defined the four groups: anxiety only (HADS-A ⩾8, HADS-D <8); depression only (HADS-A <8, HADS-D ⩾8); comorbid anxiety and depression (⩾8 on both subscales); and reference group (<8 on both subscales). | ||||
| *Data were obtained by questionnaire. | ||||
| †Data on physical activity were missing for 4877 (8%) of the participants. | ||||
| Sex, % | ||||
| Men | 48.5 | 35.7 | 57.4 | 41.7 |
| Women | 51.5 | 64.3 | 42.6 | 58.3 |
| Age (years), % | ||||
| 20–29 | 14.8 | 16.7 | 3.6 | 6.8 |
| 30–39 | 19.3 | 21.3 | 8.4 | 14.9 |
| 40–49 | 21.8 | 24.2 | 15.8 | 23.3 |
| 50–59 | 17.3 | 17.3 | 20.1 | 22.6 |
| 60–69 | 13.4 | 11.0 | 20.7 | 16.1 |
| 70–79 | 10.5 | 7.3 | 22.9 | 12.4 |
| 80–89 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 8.6 | 3.9 |
| Education (years),* % | ||||
| ⩽9 | 35.1 | 36.5 | 56.4 | 51.8 |
| 10–12 | 43.7 | 44.9 | 32.6 | 35.9 |
| ⩾13 | 21.1 | 18.6 | 11.0 | 12.3 |
| Cardiovascular conditions,* % | ||||
| Stroke | 1.4 | 1.7 | 5.2 | 3.0 |
| Myocardial infarction | 2.7 | 1.9 | 7.1 | 4.2 |
| Angina pectoris | 4.0 | 3.8 | 9.5 | 7.8 |
| Drugs for hypertension | 9.8 | 8.8 | 17.8 | 12.7 |
| Other medical conditions,* % | ||||
| Cancer | 3.4 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 4.5 |
| Diabetes | 2.5 | 2.3 | 4.9 | 3.8 |
| Fibromyalgia | 2.4 | 6.4 | 4.1 | 9.8 |
| Headache | 29.3 | 45.8 | 29.4 | 46.5 |
| Hypothyroidism | 2.6 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 4.8 |
| Physical impairment,* % | ||||
| Low | 8.2 | 10.1 | 12.8 | 13.3 |
| Moderate | 5.5 | 8.6 | 11.3 | 12.6 |
| High | 4.0 | 7.5 | 12.8 | 14.9 |
| Current smoker,* % | 26.7 | 35.4 | 26.2 | 38.5 |
| Physical activity,*† % | ||||
| None | 6.4 | 7.2 | 13.6 | 12.8 |
| <1 h/week | 14.4 | 15.6 | 18.5 | 19.7 |
| 1–2 h/week | 35.5 | 34.0 | 29.3 | 30.2 |
| >2 h/week | 36.4 | 34.8 | 14.4 | 26.6 |
| Physical measures | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.3 | 26.0 | 27.0 | 26.7 |
| Cholesterol, mmol/l | 5.84 | 5.78 | 6.18 | 6.05 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l | 1.74 | 1.67 | 1.98 | 1.90 |