Characteristics | Total | Europe | North America | p* |
Sample size (n) | 1064 | 503 | 561 | |
Main country (%) | UK and USA, 94.64 | UK, 94.43 | USA, 94.83 | 0.773 |
Year of birth (median) | 1957 | 1957 | 1956 | 0.597 |
Year of fame (median) | 1981 | 1980 | 1985 | 0.164 |
Male (%) | 90.98 | 92.25 | 89.84 | 0.171 |
White (%) | 88.53 | 97.02 | 80.93 | <0.001 |
Pop genre (%) | ||||
Rock | 89.76 | 94.83 | 85.2 | <0.001 |
R&B | 3.85 | 0.4 | 6.95 | <0.001 |
Electronica | 1.88 | 3.38 | 0.53 | <0.001 |
New age | 0.38 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.106 |
Punk | 0.28 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.21 |
Rap | 3.85 | 0 | 7.31 | <0.001 |
Dead 31/12/2005 (%) | 9.4 | 5.57 | 12.83 | <0.001 |
Likely cause of death (% of dead) | ||||
Chronic disorder (drug/alcohol)† | 8 | 3.57 | 9.72 | 0.544 |
Drug/alcohol overdose | 19 | 28.57 | 15.28 | 0.128 |
Accident (drug/alcohol related) | 4 | 7.14 | 2.78 | 0.665 |
Other accident | 16 | 21.43 | 13.89 | 0.535 |
Suicide | 3 | 3.57 | 2.78 | 0.657 |
Violence | 6 | 3.57 | 6.94 | 0.867 |
Cardiovascular disease | 14 | 3.57 | 18.06 | 0.12 |
Cancer | 20 | 21.43 | 19.44 | 0.823 |
Other | 10 | 7.14 | 11.11 | 0.823 |
*p (probability) describes differences between North American and European pop stars. Medians are compared using Mann Whitney U tests, while percentages are compared using χ2.
†Chronic drug and alcohol disorders include liver, kidney and gastrointestinal diseases explicitly linked with substance use. Many of those deaths classed as suicides, violence related and other accidents, while likely to be linked with substance use, have only been categorised as alcohol- and drug-associated where references specifically detailed the link.