Father’s and own mid-life occupational grade and premature mortality in the GAZEL Cohort Study: men (40–65 years old; 1990–2001)
| Own mid-life occupational grade | Father’s job | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High grade† | Low grade | |||
| High →, n = 5534 | Low ↓, n = 618 | High ↑, n = 5612 | Low →, n = 1449 | |
| High-grade jobs: manager, technician, administrative associate (craftsman only for father); low-grade jobs: clerk, manual worker (farmer only for father). | ||||
| →, stable socioeconomic circumstances, ↓, downward mobility over life course; ↑, upward mobility over life course. | ||||
| Fully adjusted HR is adjusted for age, marital status, cumulative tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index (kg/m2), and fruit and vegetable consumption. | ||||
| All causes | ||||
| Rate/100 000 pack-years (n) | 282 (221) | 503 (43) | 303 (241) | 447 (90) |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.87 (1.35 to 2.58) | 1.07 (0.89 to 1.29) | 1.61 (1.26 to 2.06) |
| Fully adjusted HR‡ (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.54 (1.11 to 2.13) | 1.10 (0.92 to 1.32) | 1.45 (1.13 to 1.85) |
| Smoking-related cancers | ||||
| Rate/100 000 pack-years (n) | 46 (33) | 101 (8) | 56 (41) | 96 (18) |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 2.76 (1.61 to 4.75) | 1.03 (0.72 to 1.48) | 2.09 (1.34 to 3.25) |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 2.25 (1.30 to 3.89) | 1.09 (0.76 to 1.57) | 1.92 (1.23 to 3.01) |
| Other cancers | ||||
| Rate/100 000, pack-years (n) | 57 (41) | 75 (6) | 58 (42) | 80 (15) |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 2.10 (1.20 to 3.69) | 0.89 (0.63 to 1.27) | 1.62 (1.04 to 2.54) |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.93 (1.10 to 3.40) | 0.95 (0.65 to 1.30) | 1.57 (0.99 to 2.47) |
| Diseases of the circulatory system | ||||
| Rate/100 000, pack-years (n) | 50 (36) | 102 (8) | 27 (20) | 124 (23) |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 2.08 (0.96 to 4.48) | 0.54 (0.31 to 0.94) | 2.56 (1.51 to 4.32) |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.73 (0.80 to 3.77) | 0.57 (0.33 to 0.98) | 2.35 (1.38 to 4.01) |
| External causes | ||||
| Rate/100 000, pack-years (n) | 37 (27) | 76 (6) | 46 (34) | 37 (7) |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 2.01 (0.83 to 4.89) | 1.24 (0.74 to 2.05) | 1.00 (0.44 to 2.32) |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.58 (0.64 to 3.88) | 1.25 (0.75 to 2.08) | 0.85 (0.36 to 1.97) |
| Other causes | ||||
| Rate/100 000, pack-years (n) | 35 (25) | 115 (9) | 41 (30) | 48 (9) |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 3.43 (1.60 to 7.36) | 1.18 (0.69 to 2.01) | 1.46 (0.68 to 3.14) |
| Fully adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 2.49 (1.14 to 5.44) | 1.22 (0.71 to 2.08) | 1.28 (0.59 to 2.77) |