Associations between individual characteristics, neighbourhood SES, convenience store concentration, and number of cigarettes smoked per day, Stanford heart disease prevention programme (1979–1990) (n = 8121)
| 1† | 2‡ | 3A | 3B | 3C | 4A | 4B | 4C | 5A | 5B | 5C | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard errors are given in parentheses. *p<0.05; **p<0.01. †Model 1 is a set of random intercept models. Sex, age, race/ethnicity, individual SES, neighbourhood SES, and each convenience store measure was each regressed separately on individual smoking. ‡Model 2 to model 5 are random slope models in which the effect of individual SES was allowed to vary by neighbourhood. §Reference group includes white participants and other racial/ethnic groups. ¶M/L, middle compared with low. ††H/L = high compared with low. | |||||||||||
| Men | 0.247** (0.044) | 0.302** (0.044) | 0.306** (0.044) | 0.306** (0.044) | 0.307** (0.044) | 0.302** (0.044) | 0.301** (0.044) | 0.302** (0.044) | 0.298** (0.044) | 0.299** (0.044) | 0.300** (0.044) |
| Age | −0.002 (0.001) | −0.005** (0.001) | −0.006** (0.001) | −0.005** (0.001) | −0.005** (0.001) | −0.005** (0.001) | −0.005** (0.001) | −0.005** (0.001) | −0.005** (0.001) | −0.005** (0.001) | −0.005** (0.001) |
| Hispanic§ | −0.744** (0.102) | −1.081** (0.104) | −1.005** (0.103) | −0.999** (0.103) | −0.982** (0.103) | −1.082** (0.104) | −1.085** (0.104) | −1.064** (0.104) | −1.038** (0.105) | −1.027** (0.105) | −0.991** (0.105) |
| Individual SES | −0.174** (0.027) | −0.236** (0.031) | −0.287** (0.030) | −0.285** (0.030) | −0.292** (0.030) | −0.236** (0.031) | −0.234** (0.031) | −0.238** (0.031) | −0.088 (0.056) | −0.218** (0.044) | −0.226** (0.059) |
| Neighbourhood SES | −0.304** (0.039) | −0.280** (0.039) | −0.279** (0.041) | −0.271** (0.040) | −0.299** (0.041) | −0.169** (0.134) | 0.068(0.098) | −0.242 (0.131) | |||
| Convenience store density (M/L)¶ | 0.037(0.088) | 0.058(0.083) | −0.038 (0.078) | 0.303 (0.192) | |||||||
| Convenience store density (H/L)†† | 0.165* (0.081) | 0.174* (0.077) | −0.005 (0.075) | 0.370* (0.186) | |||||||
| Distance | −0.182** (0.067) | −0.154* (0.066) | −0.067 (0.064) | 0.042(0.178) | |||||||
| Number of stores within one mile radius (M/L) | 0.131* (0.065) | 0.110(0.063) | 0.040(0.063) | 0.023(0.185) | |||||||
| Number of stores within one mile radius (H/L) | 0.088(0.073) | 0.053(0.071) | −0.096(0.073) | −0.294 (0.200) | |||||||
| Neighbourhood SES×individual SES | −0.140** (0.041) | −0.116** (0.041) | −0.102* (0.042) | ||||||||
| Convenience store density (M/L)×individual SES | −0.171 (0.076) | ||||||||||
| Convenience store density (H/L)×individual SES | −0.174* (0.074) | ||||||||||
| Distance×individual SES | 0.017(0.067) | ||||||||||
| Number of stores within one mile radius (M/L)×individual SES | −0.022 (0.073) | ||||||||||
| Number of stores within one mile radius (H/L)×individual SES | 0.064(0.079) | ||||||||||
| Convenience store density (M/L)×neighbourhood SES | 0.070 (0.115) | ||||||||||
| Convenience store density (H/L)×neighbourhood SES | 0.348** (0.111) | ||||||||||
| Distance×neighbourhood SES | −0.316* (0.133) | ||||||||||
| Number of stores within one mile radius (M/L)×neighbourhood SES | 0.107(0.103) | ||||||||||
| Number of stores within one mile radius (H/L)×neighbourhood SES | 0.243* (0.107) | ||||||||||