Sensitivity tests for fixed effects regression models of infant mortality rates for the 27 states of Brazil, 1990–2002
| Variable | Interaction effects | Immunisation coverage† | Lagged PSF (−1 year) | Stratified by region (N, NE ; S, SE, CW) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8‡ | Model 9§ | |
| Standard errors in parentheses; year and state fixed effects not shown. *Significant (p<0.05); **significant (p<0.01). †Covers the period 1994–2002 only (because of missing immunisation data). ‡Results for the 16 states in the north and north east regions only. §Results for the 11 states in the south, south east, and central west regions only. | |||||
| Family Health Program | −0.143** | −0.087** | – | −0.142** | −0.047** |
| (% of population) | (0.021) | (0.014) | – | (0.025) | (0.015) |
| Family Health Program | – | −0.194** | – | – | |
| (1 year lag) | – | (0.023) | – | – | |
| Access to clean water | −0.103** | −0.114** | −0.116** | −0.097* | 0.007 |
| (% population) | (0.039) | (0.040) | (0.040) | (0.042) | (0.034) |
| Sewerage access | 0.038 | 0.061** | 0.059* | 0.052 | −0.002 |
| (% population) | (0.026) | (0.019) | (0.025) | (0.028) | (0.021) |
| Mean income | 0.012* | 0.017** | 0.017** | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| (in constant R$) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.003) |
| Female illiteracy | 0.545** | 0.509** | 0.505** | 0.385** | 0.139 |
| (% women >15 years) | (0.102) | (0.092) | (0.099) | (0.112) | (0.095) |
| Fertility | 1.877* | 0.625 | 2.785** | 4.635** | 3.718** |
| (mean number children/woman) | (0.859) | (0.898) | (0.913) | (1.147) | (1.132) |
| Physicians | −1.886 | −0.719 | −0.272 | −5.966** | 1.117 |
| (per 10000 population) | (1.427) | (1.001) | (1.337) | (2.067) | (0.693) |
| Nurses | −0.422 | 0.133 | −0.327 | −0.434 | 0.523** |
| (per 10000 population) | (0.232) | (0.207) | (0.229) | (0.307) | (0.119) |
| Hospital beds | −1.416** | −1.634** | −2.017** | 0.006 | −0.790* |
| (per 1000 population) | (0.531) | (0.482) | (0.521) | (0.614) | (0.342) |
| High diarrhoea mortality | 0.993* | – | – | – | – |
| (⩾10% of child deaths) | (0.471) | – | – | – | – |
| PSF×diarrhoea interaction | −0.136** | – | – | – | – |
| (0.036) | – | – | – | – | |
| High ARI mortality | −1.659** | – | – | – | – |
| (⩾9% of child deaths) | (0.465) | – | – | – | – |
| PSF×ARI interaction | 0.265 | – | – | – | – |
| (0.195) | – | – | – | – | |
| Tuberculosis immunisation | – | −0.001 | – | – | – |
| (% of children covered) | – | (0.010) | – | – | – |
| Measles immunisation | – | −0.008 | – | – | – |
| (% of children covered) | – | (0.010) | – | – | – |
| Constant | 39.859** | 35.846** | 35.645** | 76.133** | 38.206** |
| (5.201) | (5.531) | (5.316) | (6.583) | (5.297) | |
| Observations | 351 | 225 | 324 | 208 | 143 |
| Number of states | 27 | 27 | 27 | 16 | 11 |
| R2 (within) | 0.913 | 0.899 | 0.902 | 0.944 | 0.979 |