Results of fixed effects regression models of infant mortality rates for the 27 states of Brazil, 1990–2002
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard errors in parentheses. Year and state fixed effects not shown. *Significant (p<0.05); **significant (p<0.01). | ||||
| Family Health Program | −0.219** | −0.184** | −0.152** | −0.171** |
| (% of population) | (0.023) | (0.022) | (0.021) | (0.021) |
| Water access | – | −0.218** | −0.107** | −0.109** |
| (% population) | – | (0.039) | (0.04) | (0.040) |
| Sewerage access | – | 0.037 | 0.038 | 0.051 |
| (% population) | – | (0.028) | (0.026) | (0.026) |
| Mean income | – | 0.011* | 0.018** | 0.015** |
| (in constant R$) | – | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) |
| Female illiteracy | – | – | 0.662** | 0.630** |
| (% women >15 years) | – | – | (0.105) | (0.104) |
| Fertility | – | – | 2.439** | 2.378** |
| (mean number children/woman) | – | – | (0.866) | (0.881) |
| Physicians | – | – | – | −1.735 |
| (per 10000 population) | – | – | – | (0.527) |
| Nurses | – | – | – | −0.423 |
| (per 10000 population) | – | – | – | (0.239) |
| Hospital beds | – | – | – | −1.735** |
| (per 1000 population) | – | – | – | (0.527) |
| Constant | 49.706** | 58.697** | 27.037** | 35.465** |
| (0.531) | (2.633) | (4.788) | (5.306) | |
| Observations | 351 | 351 | 351 | 351 |
| Number of states | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 |
| R2 (within) | 0.868 | 0.882 | 0.901 | 0.905 |
| F test (model 2 v model 1) | – | 12.07** | – | – |
| F test (model 3 v model 2) | – | – | 29.46** | – |
| F test (model 4 v model 3) | – | – | – | 4.53** |