Linear regression results showing sex difference in insomnia, before and after adjusting for health related behaviours and BMI
| Before adjusting for behaviours and obesity | Control for smoking | Control for exercise | Control for betel nut use | Control for BMI | Full model | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| estimate | SE | estimate | SE | estimate | SE | estimate | SE | estimate | SE | estimate | SE | |
| *p<0.05, **p<0.001. | ||||||||||||
| Intercept | 22.55 | (0.31) | 22.12 | (0.31) | 22.54 | (0.31) | 21.97 | (0.31) | 22.57 | (0.31) | 21.89 | (0.31) |
| Age | 0.01** | (0.00) | 0.01** | (0.00) | 0.01** | (0.00) | 0.02** | (0.00) | 0.01** | (0.00) | 0.02** | (0.00) |
| Self assessed health (base—fair) | ||||||||||||
| Healthy | −3.82** | (0.08) | −3.82** | (0.08) | −3.80** | (0.08) | −3.80** | (0.08) | −3.83** | (0.08) | −3.78** | (0.08) |
| Unhealthy | 5.18** | (0.13) | 5.19** | (0.13) | 5.15** | (0.13) | 5.17** | (0.13) | 5.18** | (0.13) | 5.16** | (0.13) |
| Shift working (base—non shift) | ||||||||||||
| Shift | 0.73** | (0.11) | 0.72** | (0.11) | 0.73** | (0.11) | 0.71** | (0.11) | 0.73** | (0.11) | 0.72** | (0.11) |
| Sex (base—male) | ||||||||||||
| Female | 1.22** | (0.08) | 1.50** | (0.08) | 1.21** | (0.08) | 1.55** | (0.08) | 1.20** | (0.08) | 1.60** | (0.09) |
| Marital status (base—single) | ||||||||||||
| Married | 1.05** | (0.12) | 1.03** | (0.12) | 1.04** | (0.12) | 0.96** | (0.12) | 1.06** | (0.12) | 0.97** | (0.12) |
| Divorced/separated | 1.53** | (0.23) | 1.45** | (0.23) | 1.52** | (0.23) | 1.40** | (0.23) | 1.54** | (0.23) | 1.38** | (0.23) |
| Widowed | 1.23** | (0.20) | 1.20** | (0.20) | 1.21** | (0.20) | 1.11** | (0.20) | 1.24** | (0.20) | 1.11** | (0.20) |
| Employment (base—employed) | ||||||||||||
| Unemployment | 1.46** | (0.17) | 1.43** | (0.17) | 1.47** | (0.17) | 1.43** | (0.17) | 1.46** | (0.17) | 1.43** | (0.17) |
| Disability/retired/others | 0.53** | (0.14) | 0.59** | (0.14) | 0.57** | (0.14) | 0.65** | (0.14) | 0.52** | (0.14) | 0.68** | (0.14) |
| Homemaker | 0.14 | (0.11) | 0.20 | (0.11) | 0.18 | (0.11) | 0.24* | (0.11) | 0.15 | (0.11) | 0.28* | (0.11) |
| Student | −0.56** | (0.14) | −0.40* | (0.14) | −0.47* | (0.14) | −0.39* | (0.14) | −0.56** | (0.14) | −0.27 | (0.14) |
| Number of children in the household | 0.13* | (0.05) | 0.12* | (0.05) | 0.12* | (0.05) | 0.11* | (0.05) | 0.13* | (0.05) | 0.10* | (0.05) |
| Educational level (base—<9 years) | ||||||||||||
| Some high school | −0.05 | (0.12) | −0.07 | (0.12) | −0.03 | (0.12) | −0.08 | (0.12) | -0.05 | (0.12) | −0.08 | (0.12) |
| High school graduate | 0.31* | (0.12) | 0.34* | (0.12) | 0.34* | (0.12) | 0.41* | (0.12) | 0.30* | (0.12) | 0.43* | (0.12) |
| Some college or higher | 0.53** | (0.14) | 0.62** | (0.14) | 0.57** | (0.14) | 0.71** | (0.14) | 0.52** | (0.14) | 0.74** | (0.14) |
| Income level (base—very low income) | ||||||||||||
| Low income | −0.11 | (0.12) | −0.10 | (0.12) | −0.11 | (0.12) | −0.11 | (0.12) | −0.11 | (0.12) | −0.10 | (0.12) |
| Middle income | −0.12 | (0.14) | −0.10 | (0.14) | −0.11 | (0.14) | −0.09 | (0.14) | −0.12 | (0.14) | −0.07 | (0.14) |
| High income | 0.10 | (0.29) | 0.16 | (0.28) | 0.15 | (0.29) | 0.19 | (0.28) | 0.11 | (0.29) | 0.24 | (0.28) |
| Health behaviours | ||||||||||||
| Smoking | 0.71** | (0.10) | 0.28* | (0.10) | ||||||||
| Exercise | −0.38** | (0.08) | −0.31* | (0.08) | ||||||||
| Betel nut use | 1.39** | (0.11) | 1.25** | (0.12) | ||||||||
| BMI (base—<25) | ||||||||||||
| 25⩽BMI<30 | −0.16 | (0.09) | −0.21* | (0.09) | ||||||||
| BMI⩾30 | −0.02 | (0.21 | −0.08 | (0.21) | ||||||||