Table 2

Estimates used of percentage change in mortality and hospital admissions for the effect of an acute change of 1 μg/m³ PM₁₀

Diagnostic category	ICD-9 codes²⁵	ICD-10 codes²⁶	Age group	Mean annual number of events	Effect estimates
Diagnostic category	ICD-9 codes²⁵	ICD-10 codes²⁶	Age group	20 km area	London	APHEA-2	Meta-analyses
APHEA, short term effects of air pollution on health: European approach. NMMAPS, national mortality and morbidity air pollution study. WHO, World Health Organisation. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. IHD, ischaemic heart disease. A&E, accident and emergency department.
All non-traumatic deaths	<800	A* -R*	All	29983	0.03% (−0.02 to +0.07)¹⁶	0.06% (0.04–0.08) (lag 0–1)²⁷	0.074% (0.062–0.086) (WHO, 1997 estimate)^28,²⁹
						0.16% (0.043–0.097) (distributed lag 0–40)¹¹	0.064% (0.048–0.077)³⁰
							0.05 (0.04–0.06) (combined APHEA and NMMAPS³¹)
All respiratory deaths	460–519	J*	All	5878	0.11% (0.04–0.20)¹⁶
COPD + asthma deaths	490–496	J40-J47	⩾65	1441	0.25% (0.06–0.46)¹⁶
Circulatory admissions	390–459	I*	0–64	9461	0.11% (0.04–0.18)¹⁷	0.05% (0.02–0.08)¹⁸
Circulatory admissions	390–459	I*	⩾65	19410	0.05% (−0.00 to +0.10)¹⁷	0.05% (0.02–0.08)¹⁸
Cardiac admissions	390–429	I00–I30	all ages	20611	0.08% (0.03–0.14) ³²	0.05% (0.02–0.08)¹⁰
Cardiac admissions	390–429	I00–I30	>65	13870		0.07% (0.04–0.10) ¹⁰
IHD admissions	410–414	I20–I25	0–64	4151	0.13% (0.03–0.25)¹⁷
IHD admissions	410–414	I20–I25	⩾65	6303	0.08% (0.01–0.16)¹⁷	0.08% (0.03–0.12)¹⁰
Respiratory admissions	460–519	J*	All	27345	0.08% (0.03–0.16)¹⁷		0.08% (0.05 to 0.11) (WHO)^28,²⁹
					0.04% (−0.03 to +0.12) ³²
			⩾65	12045	0.04% (−0.03 to 0.12) ¹⁸	0.1% (0.04–0.15)¹⁸
COPD + asthma admissions	490–496	J40–J47	⩾65	4931	0.03 (−0.08 to +0.15) ¹⁸	0.1% (0.04–0.15)¹⁸
Lower respiratory infection admissions	466, 480–486	J12–J22	⩾65	5542	0.13% (0.02–0.25)¹⁷
Asthma admissions	493	J45–J46	0–14	2251	0.06% (−0.08 to +0.2) ¹⁸	0.12% (0.02–0.23) ¹⁸
Asthma admissions	493	J45–J46	15–64	1955	0.14% (−0.01 to +0.3) ¹⁸	0.11% (0.03–0.18) ¹⁸
Asthma attendances at A&E	self reported		0–14	Not available	0.30% (0.09–0.50) cumulative ¹⁹
Asthma attendances at A&E	self reported		15–64	Not available	0.24% (0.07–0.42) cumulative ¹⁹