Individual and area level variation in SF-36 physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores (parameter estimates (standard errors)); A: unadjusted; B: adjusted for individual level characteristics (age, sex, social class, marital status, employment status, and educational attainment, all as categorical variables) and; C: with additional adjustment for area deprivation (continuous)
| PCS | MCS | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | A | B | C | |||||||
| *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001 for likelihood ratio test of area level variance; †β coefficients (standard errors) from random intercept gaussian multilevel models; higher PCS and MCS scores represent better functional health, therefore a positive coefficient implies better health and a negative coefficient implies worse health as compared with baseline; ‡equivalent to 100×the intraclass correlation (ICC). | ||||||||||||
| Fixed effects | β† | (SE) | β | (SE) | β | (SE) | β | (SE) | ||||
| Social class | ||||||||||||
| I | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| II | −0.2 | (0.4) | −0.2 | (0.4) | −0.4 | (0.3) | −0.3 | (0.3) | ||||
| IIIn | 0.0 | (0.4) | 0.0 | (0.4) | −0.7 | (0.4) | −0.7 | (0.3) | ||||
| IIIm | −1.4 | (0.4) | −1.4 | (0.4) | −0.5 | (0.4) | −0.5 | (0.4) | ||||
| IV | −1.2 | (0.4) | −1.2 | (0.4) | −1.2 | (0.4) | −1.2 | (0.4) | ||||
| V | −2.1 | (0.6) | −2.1 | (0.6) | −1.8 | (0.5) | −1.7 | (0.5) | ||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Married/living as married | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Never married | −0.2 | (0.4) | −0.1 | (0.4) | −1.2 | (0.4) | −1.2 | (0.4) | ||||
| Widowed | 0.1 | (0.3) | 0.1 | (0.3) | −1.4 | (0.3) | −1.4 | (0.3) | ||||
| Divorced/separated | −0.8 | (0.3) | −0.7 | (0.3) | −3.1 | (0.3) | −3.0 | (0.3) | ||||
| Employment status | ||||||||||||
| Working | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Not working | −4.3 | (0.2) | −4.3 | (0.2) | −1.0 | (0.2) | −0.9 | (0.2) | ||||
| Educational attainment | ||||||||||||
| No qualifications | – | – | – | – | ||||||||
| To age 16 | 0.9 | (0.2) | 0.8 | (0.2) | ||||||||
| To age 18 | 0.5 | (0.2) | 0.5 | (0.2) | ||||||||
| Degree level | 1.1 | (0.3) | 1.1 | (0.3) | ||||||||
| Multiple deprivation | ||||||||||||
| per SD increase | −0.5 | (0.1) | −0.3 | (0.1) | ||||||||
| Random effects | σ2 | (SE) | σ2 | (SE) | σ2 | (SE) | σ2 | (SE) | σ2 | (SE) | σ2 | (SE) |
| Individual variation | 102.9 | (1.08) | 91.2 | (0.96) | 91.2 | (0.96) | 88.8 | (0.93) | 84.7 | (0.89) | 84.7 | (0.89) |
| Area variation | 1.10 | (0.25)*** | 0.53 | (0.16)*** | 0.30 | (0.12)*** | 0.44 | (0.14)*** | 0.15 | (0.09)* | 0.05 | (0.07) |
| % Area variation‡ | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | ||||||