Table 3

Data used to calculate acute effects on deaths of and healthcare utilisation by Westminster residents

Diagnostic category	ICD-9 codes⁹⁰	ICD-10 codes⁹¹	Age group	Annual mean number 1996–98†	Effect estimates (percentage change in mortality per 1 μg/m³ PM₁₀)
Diagnostic category	ICD-9 codes⁹⁰	ICD-10 codes⁹¹	Age group	Annual mean number 1996–98†	London	APHEA-2	Meta-analyses
†Events in Westminster residents;‡data not available so calculations conducted per 100 visits at baseline. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
All non-traumatic deaths	<800	A-R	All	1363	0.03%(−0.02 to +0.07)³⁷	0.06%(0.04–0.08)(lag 0–1)³⁹ 0.16%(0.043–0.097)(distributed lag 0–40)⁴¹ 0.08%((distributed lag 0–40 with NO₂)⁴¹	0.074%(0.062–0.086)(WHO, 1997 estimate)⁴³ ⁹² 0.064%(0.048–0.077)(Stieb et al 2002)⁶⁶ 0.05%(0.04–0.06)(Combined APHEA & NMMAPS, 2002)⁴²
All respiratory deaths	460–519	J*	All	236	0.11%(0.04–0.20)³⁷+0.04% with NO₂³⁷
COPD and asthma deaths	490–496	J40-J47	⩾65	59	0.25%(0.06–0.46)³⁷
Circulatory admissions	390–459	I*	0–64	478	0.11%(0.04–0.18)³⁶	0.05%(0.02–0.08)³⁸
			⩾65	1,001	0.05%(−0.00 to +0.10)³⁶
IHD admissions	410–414	I20-I25	0–4	204	0.13%(0.03–0.25)³⁶
			⩾65	317	0.08%(0.01–0.16)³⁶	0.08%(0.03–0.12)⁴⁰
Respiratory admissions	460–519	J*	All	1,306	0.08%(0.03–0.16)³⁶		0.08%(0.05 to 0.11)(WHO)⁴³ ⁹²
					0.04%(−0.03 to +0.12)⁹³
COPD and asthma admissions	490–496	J40-J47	⩾65	238	0.03 (−0.08 to +0.15)³⁸	0.1%(0.04–0.15)³⁸ 0.08%(−0.06 to +0.21) with NO₂
Lower respiratory infection admissions	466, 480–486	J12-J22	⩾65	260	0.13%(0.02–0.25)³⁶
Asthma admissions	493	J45-J46	0–14	87	0.06%(−0.08 to +0.2)³⁸	0.12%(0.02–0.23)³⁸
						0.01%(−0.08 to +0.1) with NO₂
			15–64	92	0.14%(−0.01 to +0.3)³⁸	0.11%(0.03–0.18)³⁸
						0.04%(−0.05 to +0.13) with NO₂
Asthma attendances at A&E	self reported		0–14	‡	0.30%(0.09–0.50) cumulative³⁵ +0.15%(−0.02 to +0.34) with NO₂³⁵
			15–64	‡	0.24%(0.07–0.42) cumulative³⁵