Odds ratios* for incidence and mortality from cancers related to smoking and cancers not related to smoking (n=3878)
| Cancers related to smoking | Cancers not related to smoking | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incidence | Mortality | Incidence | Mortality | |||||
| Quartiles of dietary intake | Age, energy, sex, adjusted OR (95% CI) | Fully adjusted† OR (95% CI) | Age, energy, sex, adjusted OR (95% CI) | Fully adjusted† OR (95% CI) | Age, energy, sex, adjusted OR (95% CI) | Fully adjusted† OR (95% CI) | Age, energy, sex, adjusted OR (95% CI) | Fully adjusted† OR (95% CI) |
| *All effect estimates and confidence intervals are adjusted for intra-family clustering. †Fully adjusted models include age, sex, energy intake, food expenditure, Townsend score, season, and district. | ||||||||
| Fruit | ||||||||
| 1 (low) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 2 | 0.95 (0.62 to 1.46) | 0.88 (0.56 to 1.37) | 1.03 (0.65 to 1.65) | 0.96 (0.59 to 1.55) | 0.61 (0.41 to 0.89) | 0.57 (0.38 to 0.84) | 0.73 (0.46 to 1.16) | 0.77 (0.47 to 1.24) |
| 3 | 0.84 (0.54 to 1.31) | 0.81 (0.51 to 1.29) | 0.96 (0.59 to 1.54) | 0.94 (0.57 to 1.55) | 0.73 (0.50 to 1.05) | 0.67 (0.46 to 0.99) | 0.78 (0.49 to 1.24) | 0.79 (0.48 to 1.28) |
| 4 (high) | 0.60 (0.37 to 0.98) | 0.63 (0.36 to 1.11) | 0.63 (0.37 to 1.08) | 0.69 (0.37 to 1.27) | 0.73 (0.50 to 1.07) | 0.66 (0.42 to 1.03) | 0.83 (0.52 to 1.32) | 0.81 (0.47 to 1.42) |
| p value for linear trend | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.49 | 0.47 |
| Vegetable | ||||||||
| 1 (low) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 2 | 1.42 (0.89 to 2.26) | 1.25 (0.76 to 2.06) | 1.41 (0.88 to 2.25) | 1.25 (0.74 to 2.13) | 1.06 (0.73 to 1.55) | 1.06 (0.71 to 1.59) | 1.14 (0.73 to 1.78) | 1.09 (0.68 to 1.77) |
| 3 | 1.36 (0.85 to 2.18) | 1.23 (0.73 to 2.07) | 1.33 (0.83 to 2.15) | 1.14 (0.65 to 1.98) | 0.83 (0.56 to 1.22) | 0.79 (0.51 to 1.21) | 0.81 (0.50 to 1.31) | 0.72 (0.42 to 1.21) |
| 4 (high) | 1.40 (0.87 to 2.25) | 1.29 (0.75 to 2.23) | 1.33 (0.82 to 2.15) | 1.17 (0.65 to 2.11) | 1.24 (0.85 to 1.80) | 1.28 (0.83 to 1.99) | 1.08 (0.68 to 1.71) | 1.08 (0.63 to 1.85) |
| p value for linear trend | 0.22 | 0.43 | 0.31 | 0.75 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.89 | 0.81 |
| Vitamin C | ||||||||
| 1 (low) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 2 | 1.36 (0.84 to 2.18) | 1.39 (0.85 to 2.27) | 1.31 (0.79 to 2.19) | 1.24 (0.73 to 2.11) | 1.02 (0.69 to 1.48) | 1.03 (0.69 to 1.52) | 0.72 (0.46 to 1.13) | 0.81 (0.51 to 1.30) |
| 3 | 1.44 (0.88 to 2.34) | 1.49 (0.88 to 2.54) | 1.49 (0.88 to 2.50) | 1.44 (0.82 to 2.54) | 0.76 (0.50 to 1.15) | 0.81 (0.52 to 1.25) | 0.55 (0.34 to 0.89) | 0.65 (0.38 to 1.11) |
| 4 (high) | 1.17 (0.70 to 1.96) | 1.32 (0.72 to 2.41) | 1.24 (0.71 to 2.14) | 1.25 (0.66 to 2.38) | 0.96 (0.64 to 1.44) | 0.97 (0.60 to 1.58) | 0.71 (0.44 to 1.14) | 0.82 (0.45 to 1.47) |
| p value for linear trend | 0.59 | 0.39 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.61 | 0.70 | 0.12 | 0.38 |
| Vitamin E | ||||||||
| 1 (low) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 2 | 0.81 (0.50 to 1.32) | 0.84 (0.49 to 1.43) | 0.95 (0.56 to 1.61) | 0.92 (0.52 to 1.64) | 1.02 (0.69 to 1.49) | 0.95 (0.63 to 1.44) | 0.92 (0.59 to 1.45) | 0.90 (0.54 to 1.47) |
| 3 | 1.20 (0.76 to 1.90) | 1.27 (0.74 to 2.18) | 1.39 (0.84 to 2.28) | 1.35 (0.75 to 2.42) | 0.84 (0.56 to 1.26) | 0.71 (0.45 to 1.12) | 0.58 (0.35 to 0.96) | 0.48 (0.27 to 0.86) |
| 4 (high) | 1.42 (0.89 to 2.26) | 1.43 (0.80 to 2.56) | 1.59 (0.95 to 2.66) | 1.46 (0.77 to 2.76) | 1.19 (0.80 to 1.76) | 0.94 (0.58 to 1.53) | 1.03 (0.65 to 1.64) | 0.85 (0.48 to 1.51) |
| p value for linear trend | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.59 | 0.64 | 0.70 | 0.35 |
| Carotene | ||||||||
| 1 (low) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 2 | 0.85 (0.58 to 1.24) | 0.89 (0.61 to 1.30) | 0.67 (0.42 to 1.07) | 0.70 (0.43 to 1.12) | 0.89 (0.56 to 1.41) | 0.85 (0.53 to 1.37) | 0.87 (0.54 to 1.42) | 0.81 (0.49 to 1.33) |
| 3 | 1.01 (0.70 to 1.46) | 1.08 (0.73 to 1.59) | 0.88 (0.56 to 1.37) | 0.83 (0.52 to 1.32) | 1.07 (0.69 to 1.68) | 0.98 (0.61 to 1.58) | 0.90 (0.56 to 1.45) | 0.82 (0.49 to 1.36) |
| 4 (high) | 0.84 (0.58 to 1.23) | 0.95 (0.62 to 1.46) | 0.87 (0.55 to 1.35) | 0.84 (0.51 to 1.41) | 0.99 (0.63 to 1.57) | 0.90 (0.53 to 1.50) | 0.91 (0.56 to 1.47) | 0.78 (0.45 to 1.35) |
| p value for linear trend | 0.58 | 0.93 | 0.80 | 0.66 | 0.81 | 0.85 | 0.74 | 0.41 |
| Retinol | ||||||||
| 1 (low) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 2 | 0.75 (0.51 to 1.10) | 0.72 (0.50 to 1.04) | 0.56 (0.35 to 0.89) | 0.53 (0.33 to 0.85) | 1.07 (0.68 to 1.69) | 1.08 (0.68 to 1.72) | 1.31 (0.80 to 2.12) | 1.31 (0.79 to 2.15) |
| 3 | 0.88 (0.60 to 1.28) | 0.84 (0.58 to 1.21) | 0.68 (0.43 to 1.06) | 0.64 (0.40 to 1.03) | 0.88 (0.55 to 1.42) | 0.94 (0.57 to 1.54) | 1.02 (0.61 to 1.71) | 1.03 (0.60 to 1.76) |
| 4 (high) | 0.83 (0.56 to 1.22) | 0.77 (0.51 to 1.15) | 0.67 (0.42 to 1.05) | 0.67 (0.40 to 1.12) | 1.16 (0.73 to 1.84) | 1.29 (0.77 to 2.16) | 1.20 (0.72 to 1.99) | 1.21 (0.69 to 2.12) |
| p value for linear trend | 0.50 | 0.33 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.69 | 0.44 | 0.71 | 0.74 |