Characteristics of participants and odds ratios in relation to symptomatic OAK in women from univariate analyses*
| (R)=reference category | Cases | Controls | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=29) | (n=82) | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p Value | |||
| Number (%) | Number (%) | ||||||
| *Univariate analyses used conditional logistic regression, cases and controls matched for age and general practitioner. †Heberden’s nodes are bony swellings that develop around the distal interphalangeal joints. More common in women, they are regarded as a concomitant of osteoarthropathy and are age related. | |||||||
| Marital status: ever married | 27 (93.1) | 78 (95.1) | 0.92 | 0.16 to 5.26 | 0.93 | ||
| Any qualification attained on ending full time education | 14 (48.3) | 50 (61.0) | 0.69 | 0.28 to 1.71 | 0.43 | ||
| Total number of years lived in large town or city | 0–7(R) | 7 (24.1) | 30 (36.6) | ||||
| >7–34 | 11 (37.9) | 26 (31.7) | 1.64 | 0.53 to 5.10 | 0.39 | ||
| >34 | 11 (37.9) | 26 (31.7) | 1.64 | 0.47 to 7.20 | 0.38 | ||
| Homeowner (total no of years) | <20 (R) | 6 (20.7) | 9 (11.0) | ||||
| 20 to 40 | 11 (38.0) | 23 (28.1) | 0.85 | 0.26 to 2.77 | 0.78 | ||
| >40 | 12 (41.4) | 50 (61.0) | 0.38 | 0.12 to 1.23 | 0.11 | ||
| Central heating (total no of years without) | <25 | 5 (17.2) | 22 (26.8) | ||||
| 25–40 | 13 (44.8) | 43 (52.4) | 1.52 | 0.46 to 5.08 | 0.49 | ||
| >40 | 11 (38.0) | 17 (20.7) | 3.55 | 1.83 to 15.14 | 0.09 | ||
| Age first drove a car regularly | Never(R) | 10 (34.5) | 19 (23.2) | ||||
| <or = 25 | 9 (31.0) | 21 (25.6) | 0.99 | 0.29 to 3.35 | 0.99 | ||
| >25 | 10 (34.5) | 42 (51.2) | 0.45 | 0.14 to 1.46 | 0.09 | ||
| Ever had treatment for a knee injury | 13 (44.8) | 17 (20.7) | 3.00 | 1.19 to 7.54 | 0.02 | ||
| Arthritis affecting at least one joint (other than knee) n=109 | 19 (70.4) | 48 (58.5) | 1.35 | 0.52 to 3.51 | 0.54 | ||
| Has Heberden’s nodes† | 13 (44.8) | 33 (40.2) | 0.95 | 0.41 to 2.17 | 0.90 | ||
| Arthritis affecting the feet | 13 (44.8) | 12 (14.6) | 3.85 | 1.45 to 10.30 | 0.007 | ||
| Height n=110 ⩾1.6 metres | 17 (60.7) | 51 (62.2) | 1.01 | 0.40 to 2.53 | 0.99 | ||
| BMI when left school: 25 or above | 5 (25.0) | 6 (8.6) | 5.54 | 1.03 to 29.76 | 0.05 | ||
| BMI when age 36–40: 25 or above | 20 (69.0) | 13 (15.9) | 32.8 | 4.27 to 25.20 | 0.001 | ||
| BMI when age 51–56: 25 or above | 22 (81.5) | 29 (37.7) | 12.05 | 2.68 to 54.31 | 0.001 | ||
| Competitive sports (lifetime hours/tertiles) | None (R) | 12 (41.4) | 34 (41.5) | ||||
| 1–480 | 8 (27.6) | 21 (25.6) | 1.27 | 0.42 to 3.84 | 0.67 | ||
| >480 | 9 (31.0) | 27 (32.9) | 0.87 | 0.32 to 2.37 | 0.78 | ||
| Number of full term pregnancies (tertiles) | 0–2(R) | 19 (65.5) | 54 (65.9) | ||||
| 3 | 5 (17.2) | 20 (24.4) | 0.72 | 0.22 to 2.36 | 0.59 | ||
| >3 | 5 (17.2) | 8 (9.8) | 1.97 | 0.58–6.74 | 0.28 | ||
| Oral contraception (ever) Yes | 12 (41.4) | 41 (50.0) | 0.87 | 0.35 to 2.15 | 0.76 | ||
| HRT (ever) Yes | 7 (24.1) | 38 (46.3) | 0.46 | 0.17 to 1.27 | 0.13 | ||
| Smoking (lifetime) | None(R) | 11 (38.9) | 46 (56.1) | ||||
| Low to moderate | 4 (13.8) | 15 (18.3) | 0.94 | 0.27 to 3.2 | 0.92 | ||
| Heavy (>70,000) | 14 (48.3) | 21 (25.6) | 3.12 | 1.15 to 8.44 | 0.025 | ||
| Number of years performing occupational activities regularly: (tertiles) | |||||||
| Lifting | 0 to <24(R) | 3 (10.3) | 36 (43.9) | ||||
| >24–33 | 16 (55.2) | 19 (23.2) | 7.31 | 2.01 to 26.7 | 0.003 | ||
| >33 | 10 (34.5) | 27 (32.9) | 3.58 | 0.89 to 14.4 | 0.072 | ||
| Bending | 0–21(R) | 2 (6.9) | 35 (42.7) | ||||
| >21–34 | 16 (55.2) | 22 (26.8) | 12.36 | 2.40 to 63.7 | 0.003 | ||
| >34 | 11 (37.9) | 25 (30.5) | 6.98 | 1.45 to 33.6 | 0.015 | ||
| Kneeling | <15(R) | 5 (17.2) | 32 (39.0) | ||||
| 15 to <26 | 10 (34.5) | 27 (32.9) | 2.70 | 0.76 to 9.58 | 0.13 | ||
| 26+ | 14 (48.3) | 23 (28.1) | 4.18 | 1.26 to 13.8 | 0.02 | ||
| Cleaning floors on knees | 0–6(R) | 8 (27.6) | 30 (36.6) | ||||
| >6–13 | 5 (17.2) | 31 (37.8) | 0.63 | 0.17 to 2.37 | 0.49 | ||
| >13 | 16 (55.2) | 21 (25.6) | 5.28 | 1.48 to 8.84 | 0.01 | ||
| Squatting | 0–15 (R) | 7 (24.1) | 33 (40.2) | ||||
| >15 to <27 | 13 (44.8) | 21 (25.6) | 2.54 | 0.88 to 7.34 | 0.08 | ||
| 27+ | 9 (31.0) | 28 (34.2) | 1.53 | 0.51 to 4.56 | 0.45 | ||
| Shoes | |||||||
| Ever worn 2 inch heels regularly | 26 (89.7) | 77 (93.9) | 0.72 | 0.13 to 4.02 | 0.70 | ||
| Ever worn 3 inch heels regularly | 16 (55.2) | 55 (67.1) | 0.69 | 0.29 to 1.65 | 0.40 | ||
| Age when first wore: | |||||||
| n=111 | 2 in heels | <16(R) | 9 (34.6) | 17 (22.1) | |||
| 16–17 | 10 (38.5) | 32 (41.6) | 0.76 | 0.26 to 2.20 | 0.61 | ||
| 18+ | 7 (26.9) | 28 (36.4) | 0.64 | 0.20 to 2.06 | 0.46 | ||
| n=71 | 3 in heels | <17(R) | 3 (18.8) | 20 (36.4) | |||
| 17–19 | 6 (37.5) | 18 (32.7) | 1.83 | 0.38 to 8.83 | 0.46 | ||
| 20+ | 7 (43.8) | 17 (30.9) | 1.33 | 0.26 to 6.88 | 0.73 | ||
| Total number of years between age 10 and 40 when regularly wore 3 inch heels for: | |||||||
| Work | Never(R) | 21 (72.4) | 51 (62.2) | ||||
| 1–20 | 4 (13.8) | 17 (20.7) | 0.59 | 0.17 to 2.02 | 0.40 | ||
| >20 | 4 (13.8) | 14 (17.1) | 0.79 | 0.23 to 2.74 | 0.71 | ||
| Going out socially | Never(R) | 15 (51.7) | 27 (32.9) | ||||
| 1–20 | 6 (20.7) | 20 (24.4) | 0.56 | 0.18 to 1.75 | 0.32 | ||
| >20 | 8 (27.6) | 35 (42.7) | 0.49 | 0.18 to 1.36 | 0.17 | ||
| Dancing | Never(R) | 19 (65.5) | 32 (39.0) | ||||
| 1–20 | 4 (13.8) | 20 (24.4) | 0.34 | 0.10 to 1.13 | 0.078 | ||
| >20 | 6 (20.7) | 30 (36.6) | 0.36 | 0.13 to 1.13 | 0.078 | ||