Table 4

Effect modifiers: other factors

City	Population (m)	Mortality (number of deaths)	% Deaths >65 years	Lung cancer (number of deaths)	% Smoking	Cardiac 65/ cardiac*	IHD 65/ cardiac 65†	Study area (km²)
*Proportion of cardiac admissions for people over 65 years on cardiac admissions all ages. †Proportion of ischaemic heart disease admissions for people over 65 years on cardiac admissions over 65 years.
Barcelona	1.6	740	78	48	36	0.72	0.38	156
Birmingham	2.3	895	77	49	29	0.64	0.42	900
London	7.6	851	77	50	34	0.67	0.39	1600
Milan	1.3	641	79	41	25	0.65	0.24	182
Netherlands	15.4	757	79	52	36	NA	NA	41526
Paris	6.2	640	72	42	30	0.49	0.33	657
Rome	2.7	585	79	47	35	0.64	0.19	1283
Stockholm	1.1	666	85	31	22	0.78	0.42	500