Association between exposure to ETS and self reported health conditions among women (n=26 197), by source. Never smokers of any tobacco product. Northern California Kaiser Permanente, 1979–85
| Number | ETS exposure at home (hours/week) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1–9 | 10–39 | ⩾40 | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |||||
| Any v no exposure | Heavy6-151 v no exposure | ||||||||
| Heart disease | 2945 | 10.5 | 12.7 | 13.8 | 14.36-165 | 1.20 (1.09, 1.30) | 1.25 (1.05, 1.47) | ||
| Stroke | 95 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.23 (0.75, 1.96) | 1.40 (0.53, 3.04) | ||
| Intermittent claudication | 1346 | 4.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 7.16-165 | 1.18 (1.03, 1.34) | 1.37 (1.08, 1.72) | ||
| Cancer or tumour | 1220 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 4.2 | 5.4 | 0.94 (0.82, 1.08) | 1.02 (0.78, 1.32) | ||
| Chronic cough | 808 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 4.2 | 3.0 | 1.14 (0.97, 1.34) | 0.93 (0.65, 1.28) | ||
| Emphysema | 33 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.16 (0.48, 2.54) | 6-152 | ||
| Hay fever/asthma | 4702 | 17.7 | 18.6 | 17.1 | 20.96-150 | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | 1.17 (1.02, 1.35) | ||
| Hearing loss | 705 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 1.18 (0.99, 1.41) | 0.85 (0.57, 1.23) | ||
| Severe headache | 4897 | 17.4 | 20.7 | 21.1 | 28.1 | 1.26 (1.17, 1.35) | 1.64 (1.44, 1.87) | ||
| Migraine | 246 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.17 (0.88, 1.55) | 1.44 (0.86, 2.27) | ||
| Cold/flu >10 days/y | 3503 | 12.3 | 15.4 | 15.7 | 20.4 | 1.38 (1.28, 1.50) | 1.75 (1.52, 2.01) | ||
| ETS exposure in small spaces (hours/week) | |||||||||
| 0 | 1–9 | 10–39 | ⩾40 | ||||||
| Heart disease | 11.0 | 10.7 | 12.1 | 12.96-165 | 1.12 (1.03, 1.22) | 1.20 (1.04, 1.38) | |||
| Stroke | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.64 (0.36, 1.08) | 0.58 (0.21, 1.65) | |||
| Intermittent claudication | 5.4 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 5.8 | 0.95 (0.84, 1.08) | 1.14 (0.93, 1.40) | |||
| Cancer or tumour | 4.5 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 4.2 | 0.99 (0.87, 1.13) | 0.86 (0.67, 1.09) | |||
| Chronic cough | 2.8 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 3.46-150 | 1.17 (1.01, 1.37) | 1.17 (0.89, 1.51) | |||
| Emphysema | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.26-150 | 1.33 (0.59, 2.93) | 2.72 (0.83, 7.71) | |||
| Hay fever/asthma | 16.8 | 19.4 | 19.8 | 19.86-165 | 1.11 (1.04, 1.19) | 1.17 (1.04, 1.31) | |||
| Hearing loss | 2.4 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 2.96-160 | 1.31 (1.10, 1.55) | 1.23 (0.91, 1.63) | |||
| Severe headache | 17.9 | 18.0 | 20.2 | 23.46-165 | 1.18 (1.10, 1.26) | 1.38 (1.24, 1.55) | |||
| Migraine | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.05 (0.80, 1.36) | 1.00 (0.61, 1.57) | |||
| Cold/flu >10 days/y | 11.4 | 15.3 | 17.0 | 17.46-165 | 1.43 (1.33, 1.55) | 1.55 (1.37, 1.75) | |||
| ETS exposure in large indoor areas (hours/week) | |||||||||
| 0 | 1–9 | 10–39 | ⩾40 | ||||||
| Heart disease | 11.9 | 9.7 | 11.7 | 15.26-165 | 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) | 1.27 (1.03, 1.57) | |||
| Stroke | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.68 (0.43, 1.11) | 0.34 (0.02, 1.62) | |||
| Intermittent claudication | 5.5 | 4.1 | 5.6 | 8.16-160 | 1.03 (0.91, 1.17) | 1.55 (1.15, 2.04) | |||
| Cancer or tumour | 4.5 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 5.6 | 0.97 (0.85, 1.10) | 1.08 (0.76, 1.50) | |||
| Chronic cough | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.6 | 5.16-165 | 1.12 (0.96, 1.30) | 1.68 (1.17, 2.34) | |||
| Emphysema | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.46-150 | 1.52 (0.71, 3.21) | 4.19 (0.91, 13.9) | |||
| Hay fever/asthma | 16.2 | 19.8 | 20.7 | 21.76-165 | 1.14 (1.07, 1.23) | 1.25 (1.04, 1.49) | |||
| Hearing loss | 2.6 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 1.10 (0.93, 1.30) | 0.97 (0.60, 1.51) | |||
| Severe headache | 19.2 | 17.1 | 19.9 | 24.26-165 | 1.06 (0.98, 1.13) | 1.27 (1.07, 1.51) | |||
| Migraine | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.37 (1.05, 1.80) | 1.69 (0.88, 2.99) | |||
| Cold/flu >10 days/y | 11.2 | 14.8 | 19.9 | 19.16-165 | 1.44 (1.34, 1.56) | 1.75 (1.45, 2.10) | |||
| Total ETS exposure (hours/week) | |||||||||
| 0 | 1–9 | 10–39 | ⩾40 | ||||||
| Heart disease | 11.2 | 9.6 | 12.0 | 13.16-165 | 1.10 (1.01, 1.20) | 1.22 (1.08, 1.37) | |||
| Stroke | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.89 (0.57, 1.38) | 0.52 (0.21, 1.12) | |||
| Intermittent claudication | 5.4 | 4.3 | 5.1 | 6.06-165 | 1.03 (0.91, 1.17) | 1.19 (1.01, 1.41) | |||
| Cancer or tumour | 4.3 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 0.95 (0.84, 1.08) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | |||
| Chronic cough | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.8 | 3.36-160 | 1.12 (0.96, 1.32) | 1.14 (0.92, 1.42) | |||
| Emphysema | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.21 (0.57, 2.63) | 1.97 (0.73, 5.04) | |||
| Hay fever/asthma | 15.7 | 19.1 | 18.8 | 19.96-165 | 1.14 (1.06, 1.23) | 1.21 (1.09, 1.33) | |||
| Hearing loss | 2.3 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.16-160 | 1.27 (1.07, 1.51) | 1.29 (1.02, 1.64) | |||
| Severe headache | 17.8 | 16.6 | 19.3 | 23.26-165 | 1.17 (1.08, 1.26) | 1.39 (1.27, 1.53) | |||
| Migraine | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.18 (0.88, 1.58) | 1.23 (0.84, 1.79) | |||
| Cold/flu >10 days/y | 9.9 | 13.3 | 15.6 | 18.16-165 | 1.57 (1.44, 1.71) | 1.91 (1.72, 2.13) | |||
Table entries are age adjusted rates per 100 persons by level of ETS exposure.
↵6-150 p linear trend <0.05;
↵6-160 p linear trend <0.01;
↵6-165 p linear trend <0.001.
↵6-151 ⩾40 hours/week. Odds ratios are adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, alcohol consumption, physical activity at work, serum total cholesterol, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes and individual occupational hazards. SD for home exposure = 19.9 hours/week; SD for small spaces exposure = 15.5 hours/week; SD for large indoor areas exposure = 13.4 hours/week; SD for total exposure: 24.7 hours/week.
↵6-152 Not estimable.