Association between exposure to ETS and self reported health conditions among men (n=16 524), by source. Never smokers of any tobacco product. Northern California Kaiser Permanente, 1979–85
| Number | ETS exposure at home (hours/week) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1–9 | 10–39 | ⩾40 | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |||||
| Any v no exposure | Heavy5-151 v no exposure | ||||||||
| Heart disease | 1856 | 10.8 | 12.1 | 13.6 | 13.05-160 | 1.13 (1.00, 1.27) | 1.07 (0.79, 1.43) | ||
| Stroke | 42 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.25 (0.04, 0.82) | 5-152 | ||
| Intermittent claudication | 506 | 2.7 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 3.55-160 | 1.43 (1.15, 1.76) | 0.98 (0.54, 1.62) | ||
| Cancer or tumour | 239 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0.93 (0.65, 1.31) | 0.89 (0.35, 1.88) | ||
| Chronic cough | 514 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 4.3 | 4.35-160 | 1.11 (0.89, 1.38) | 1.33 (0.80, 2.08) | ||
| Emphysema | 39 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.95-150 | 1.79 (0.83, 3.63) | 3.78 (1.07, 10.3) | ||
| Hay fever/asthma | 3215 | 19.5 | 18.7 | 19.6 | 21.7 | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) | 1.21 (0.95, 1.52) | ||
| Hearing loss | 588 | 3.2 | 5.1 | 4.3 | 4.85-160 | 1.32 (1.07, 1.63) | 1.02 (0.61, 1.65) | ||
| Severe headache | 1384 | 7.9 | 9.4 | 10.0 | 13.85-165 | 1.24 (1.08, 1.41) | 1.57 (1.17, 2.08) | ||
| Migraine | 41 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.37 (0.62, 2.78) | 0.98 (0.05, 4.74) | ||
| Cold/flu >10 days/y | 1390 | 7.7 | 10.6 | 11.1 | 13.35-165 | 1.42 (1.25, 1.62) | 1.69 (1.26, 2.23) | ||
| ETS exposure in small spaces (hours/week) | |||||||||
| 0 | 1–9 | 10–39 | ⩾40 | ||||||
| Heart disease | 10.7 | 11.6 | 12.0 | 13.35-160 | 1.19 (1.08, 1.32) | 1.32 (1.08, 1.61) | |||
| Stroke | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.47 (0.17, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.16, 3.62) | |||
| Intermittent claudication | 3.2 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 1.00 (0.82, 1.22) | 1.19 (0.81, 1.69) | |||
| Cancer or tumour | 1.2 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.27 (0.97, 1.68) | 1.01 (0.52, 1.79) | |||
| Chronic cough | 2.8 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 4.75-160 | 1.25 (1.04, 1.50) | 1.72 (1.23, 2.36) | |||
| Emphysema | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.51 (0.75, 3.02) | 1.68 (0.39, 5.15) | |||
| Hay fever/asthma | 18.2 | 21.6 | 20.7 | 20.0 | 1.09 (1.00, 1.18) | 1.09 (0.93, 1.29) | |||
| Hearing loss | 3.0 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.25-150 | 1.33 (1.10, 1.60) | 1.24 (0.85, 1.75) | |||
| Severe headache | 7.9 | 7.6 | 10.6 | 12.35-165 | 1.21 (1.08, 1.36) | 1.68 (1.36, 2.06) | |||
| Migraine | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.70 (0.89, 3.30) | 0.58 (0.03, 2.86) | |||
| Cold/flu >10 days/y | 7.3 | 9.1 | 11.7 | 10.55-165 | 1.38 (1.23, 1.55) | 1.48 (1.18, 1.83) | |||
| ETS exposure in large indoor areas (hours/week) | |||||||||
| 0 | 1–9 | 10–39 | ⩾40 | ||||||
| Heart disease | 11.3 | 10.6 | 13.2 | 11.6 | 1.06 (0.96, 1.18) | 1.01 (0.77, 1.31) | |||
| Stroke | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.35 (0.14, 0.78) | 5-152 | |||
| Intermittent claudication | 3.4 | 2.3 | 3.8 | 3.75-150 | 1.01 (0.83, 1.22) | 1.07 (0.65, 1.66) | |||
| Cancer or tumour | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.12 (0.85, 1.48) | 0.71 (0.25, 1.60) | |||
| Chronic cough | 2.8 | 3.1 | 4.2 | 3.75-150 | 1.20 (0.99, 1.45) | 1.26 (0.78, 1.94) | |||
| Emphysema | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.45-150 | 1.73 (0.87, 3.51) | 2.14 (0.33, 8.02) | |||
| Hay fever/asthma | 17.1 | 22.2 | 19.9 | 18.0 | 1.16 (1.07, 1.27) | 1.07 (0.85, 1.32) | |||
| Hearing loss | 3.2 | 3.6 | 4.8 | 4.55-150 | 1.16 (0.96, 1.40) | 1.23 (0.77, 1.89) | |||
| Severe headache | 8.3 | 7.8 | 10.3 | 10.65-160 | 1.14 (1.01, 1.28) | 1.28 (0.96, 1.67) | |||
| Migraine | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.06 (0.55, 2.07) | 0.71 (0.04, 3.51) | |||
| Cold/flu >10 days/y | 6.9 | 8.9 | 13.3 | 9.25-165 | 1.46 (1.30, 1.65) | 1.37 (1.02, 1.82) | |||
| Total ETS exposure (hours/week) | |||||||||
| 0 | 1–9 | 10–39 | ⩾40 | ||||||
| Heart disease | 11.2 | 10.1 | 12.1 | 12.75-165 | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) | 1.17 (0.99, 1.37) | |||
| Stroke | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.27 (0.11, 0.57) | 0.45 (0.10, 1.32) | |||
| Intermittent claudication | 3.3 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 3.55-160 | 1.11 (0.91, 1.36) | 1.15 (0.86, 1.53) | |||
| Cancer or tumour | 1.0 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.28 (0.94, 1.75) | 1.08 (0.66, 1.73) | |||
| Chronic cough | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 4.45-165 | 1.22 (1.00, 1.49) | 1.60 (1.22, 2.10) | |||
| Emphysema | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.45-160 | 1.60 (0.78, 3.42) | 3.02 (1.22, 7.34) | |||
| Hay fever/asthma | 16.2 | 22.0 | 19.8 | 20.2 | 1.22 (1.11, 1.34) | 1.24 (1.09, 1.42) | |||
| Hearing loss | 2.8 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 4.65-165 | 1.30 (1.06, 1.61) | 1.42 (1.07, 1.88) | |||
| Severe headache | 7.8 | 7.2 | 9.1 | 11.75-165 | 1.22 (1.07, 1.39) | 1.58 (1.33, 1.88) | |||
| Migraine | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1.28 (0.64, 2.76) | 1.19 (0.37, 3.37) | |||
| Cold/flu >10 days/y | 6.5 | 8.2 | 10.3 | 10.85-165 | 1.52 (1.33, 1.74) | 1.75 (1.46, 2.09) | |||
Table entries are age adjusted rates per 100 persons by level of ETS exposure.
↵5-150 p linear trend <0.05;
↵5-160 p linear trend <0.01;
↵5-165 p linear trend <0.001.
↵5-151 ⩾40 hours/week. Odds ratios are adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, alcohol consumption, physical activity at work, serum total cholesterol, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes and individual occupational hazards. SD for home exposure = 19.9 hours/week; SD for small spaces exposure = 15.5 hours/week; SD for large indoor areas exposure = 13.4 hours/week; SD for total exposure: 24.7 hours/week.
↵5-152 Not estimable.