PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Almar A L Kok
AU  - Mai Stafford
AU  - Theodore D Cosco
AU  - Martijn Huisman
AU  - Dorly Deeg
AU  - Diana Kuh
AU  - Rachel Cooper
TI  - Factors across life associated with remaining free from functional limitations despite lifelong exposure to socioeconomic adversity
AID  - 10.1136/jech-2018-211736
DP  - 2019 Jun 01
TA  - Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
PG  - 529--536
VI  - 73
IP  - 6
4099  - http://jech.bmj.com/content/73/6/529.short
4100  - http://jech.bmj.com/content/73/6/529.full
SO  - J Epidemiol Community Health2019 Jun 01; 73
AB  - Background There are substantial socioeconomic inequalities in functional limitations in old age. Resilience may offer new insights into these inequalities by identifying constellations of factors that protect some individuals from developing functional limitations despite socioeconomic adversity.Methods Data from 1973 participants in the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (Great Britain), followed from birth until age 60–64, were used. Functional limitations were defined as reporting difficulty with at least 1 of 16 activities at age 60–64. Lifetime socioeconomic adversity was based on socioeconomic trajectories, categorised into three adversity levels. Analysis of covariance and regression models were used to compare psychosocial factors and health-related behaviours between a ‘Resilient’ group (high adversity but no functional limitations) and five groups with other combinations of adversity and limitations.Results Prevalence of functional limitations in high, intermediate and low adversity groups was 44%, 30% and 23% in men, and 61%, 55% and 49% in women, respectively. Compared with the other high adversity group, the resilient group had a lower prevalence of childhood illness (12% vs 19%) and obesity throughout ages 43–64 (70% vs 55%). Partially adjusted models also showed higher adolescent self-management, lower neuroticism, higher prevalence of volunteer work and physical activity (age 60–64) and lower prevalence of smoking (age 43) in the resilient. Marital status and contact frequency were not associated with resilience.Conclusion Results suggest protection against childhood illness, health-behavioural factors and self-regulation as targets for interventions across life that may particularly benefit those with long-term exposure to socioeconomic adversity.