PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Gerry McCartney
AU  - Tom C Russ
AU  - David Walsh
AU  - Jim Lewsey
AU  - Michael Smith
AU  - George Davey Smith
AU  - Emmanuel Stamatakis
AU  - G David Batty
TI  - Explaining the excess mortality in Scotland compared with England: pooling of 18 cohort studies
AID  - 10.1136/jech-2014-204185
DP  - 2015 Jan 01
TA  - Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
PG  - 20--27
VI  - 69
IP  - 1
4099  - http://jech.bmj.com/content/69/1/20.short
4100  - http://jech.bmj.com/content/69/1/20.full
SO  - J Epidemiol Community Health2015 Jan 01; 69
AB  - Background Mortality in Scotland is higher than in the rest of west and central Europe and is improving more slowly. Relative to England and Wales, the excess is only partially explained by area deprivation. We tested the extent to which sociodemographic, behavioural, anthropometric and biological factors explain the higher mortality in Scotland compared with England.Methods Pooled data from 18 nationally representative cohort studies comprising the Health Surveys for England (HSE) and the Scottish Health Survey (SHS). Cox regression analysis was used to quantify the excess mortality risk in Scotland relative to England with adjustment for baseline characteristics.Results A total of 193 873 participants with a mean of 9.6 years follow-up gave rise to 21 345 deaths. The age-adjusted and sex-adjusted all-cause mortality HR for Scottish respondents compared with English respondents was 1.40 (95% CI 1.34 to 1.47), which attenuated to 1.29 (95% CI 1.23 to 1.36) with the addition of the baseline socioeconomic and behavioural characteristics. Cause-specific mortality HRs attenuated only marginally to 1.43 (95% 1.28 to 1.60) for ischaemic heart disease, 1.37 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.63) for stroke, 1.41 (95% CI 1.30 to 1.53) for all cancers, 3.43 (95% CI 1.85 to 6.36) for illicit drug-related poisoning and 4.64 (95% CI 3.55 to 6.05) for alcohol-related mortality. The excess was greatest among young adults (16–44 years) and was observed across all occupational social classes with the greatest excess in the unskilled group.Conclusions Only a quarter of the excess mortality among Scottish respondents could be explained by the available baseline risk factors. Greater understanding is required on the lived experience of poverty, the role of social support, and the historical, environmental, cultural and political influences on health in Scotland.