PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - James H Stark
AU  - Kathryn Neckerman
AU  - Gina S Lovasi
AU  - Kevin Konty
AU  - James Quinn
AU  - Peter Arno
AU  - Deborah Viola
AU  - Tiffany G Harris
AU  - Christopher C Weiss
AU  - Michael D M Bader
AU  - Andrew Rundle
TI  - Neighbourhood food environments and body mass index among New York City adults
AID  - 10.1136/jech-2013-202354
DP  - 2013 Sep 01
TA  - Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
PG  - 736--742
VI  - 67
IP  - 9
4099  - http://jech.bmj.com/content/67/9/736.short
4100  - http://jech.bmj.com/content/67/9/736.full
SO  - J Epidemiol Community Health2013 Sep 01; 67
AB  - Background Studies evaluating the impact of the neighbourhood food environment on obesity have summarised the density or proximity of individual food outlets. Though informative, there is a need to consider the role of the entire food environment; however, few measures of whole system attributes have been developed. New variables measuring the food environment were derived and used to study the association with body mass index (BMI). Methods Individual data on BMI and sociodemographic characteristics were collected from 48 482 respondents of the 2002–2006 community health survey in New York City and linked to residential zip code-level characteristics. The food environment of each zip code was described in terms of the diversity of outlets (number of types of outlets present in a zip code), the density of outlets (outlets/km2) and the proportion of outlets classified as BMI-unhealthy (eg, fast food, bodegas). Results Results of the cross-sectional, multilevel analyses revealed an inverse association between BMI and food outlet density (−0.32 BMI units across the IQR, 95% CI −0.45 to −0.20), a positive association between BMI and the proportion of BMI-unhealthy food outlets (0.26 BMI units per IQR, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.43) and no association with outlet diversity. The association between BMI and the proportion of BMI-unhealthy food outlets was stronger in lower (<median for % poverty) poverty zip codes than in high-poverty zip codes. Conclusions These results support a more nuanced assessment of the impact of the food environment and its association with obesity.