@article {Allsworth938, author = {Jenifer E Allsworth and Sally Zierler and Kate L Lapane and Nancy Krieger and Joseph W Hogan and Bernard L Harlow}, title = {Longitudinal study of the inception of perimenopause in relation to lifetime history of sexual or physical violence}, volume = {58}, number = {11}, pages = {938--943}, year = {2004}, doi = {10.1136/jech.2003.017160}, publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group Ltd}, abstract = {Study objective: To investigate of the extent to which violence over the life course accelerates the onset of perimenopause, as measured by menstrual changes. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Boston, Massachusetts. Participants: 603 premenopausal women aged 36{\textendash}45 years at baseline who completed a cross sectional survey on childhood and adult violence history. Main outcome measure: Time to perimenopause, defined as time in months from baseline interview to a woman{\textquoteright}s report of (1) an absolute change of at least seven days in menstrual cycle length from baseline or subjective report of menstrual irregularity; (2) a change in menstrual flow amount or duration; or (3) cessation of periods for at least three months, whichever came first. Main results: Experience of abuse was associated with delayed onset of menstrual changes indicative of onset of perimenopause. Women reporting childhood or adolescent abuse entered perimenopause about 35\% slower than women who reported no abuse (IRRadj = 0.65, 95\% CI 0.45 to 0.95) after adjusting for age, age at menarche, ever live birth, ability to maintain living standard, smoking, BMI, and depression. There was a similar association among women who reported first abuse during adulthood (IRRadj = 0.72, 95\% CI 0.28 to 1.80). These findings persisted when the cohort was restricted to non-depressed women (childhood/adolescent IRRadj = 0.57, 95\% CI 0.36 to 0.90; adulthood IRRadj = 0.63, 95\% CI 0.23 to 1.77). Conclusions: This study is the first longitudinal analysis of the timing of perimenopause to show an association with a history of physical or sexual abuse. Further study of the relation between violence and reproductive aging is needed.}, issn = {0143-005X}, URL = {https://jech.bmj.com/content/58/11/938}, eprint = {https://jech.bmj.com/content/58/11/938.full.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Epidemiology \& Community Health} }