Social inequality and the syndemic of chronic disease and COVID-19: county-level analysis in the USA

Nazrul Islam; Ben Lacey; Sharmin Shabnam; A Mesut Erzurumluoglu; Hajira Dambha-Miller; Gerardo Chowell; Ichiro Kawachi; Michael Marmot

doi:10.1136/jech-2020-215626

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Social inequality and the syndemic of chronic disease and COVID-19: county-level analysis in the USA

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Nazrul Islam Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK PubMed articles Google scholar articles
Ben Lacey Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK PubMed articles Google scholar articles
Sharmin Shabnam Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK PubMed articles Google scholar articles
A Mesut Erzurumluoglu MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK PubMed articles Google scholar articles
Hajira Dambha-Miller MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK PubMed articles Google scholar articles
Gerardo Chowell Department of Population Health Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA PubMed articles Google scholar articles
Ichiro Kawachi Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA PubMed articles Google scholar articles
Michael Marmot UCL Institute of Health Equity, University College London, London, UK PubMed articles Google scholar articles

Correspondence to Dr Nazrul Islam, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK; nazrul.islam{at}ndph.ox.ac.uk

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Islam N, Lacey B, Shabnam S, et al

Social inequality and the syndemic of chronic disease and COVID-19: county-level analysis in the USA

J Epidemiol Community Health 2021;75:496-500.

Publication history

Received September 16, 2020
Revised November 9, 2020
Accepted December 16, 2020
First published January 5, 2021.

Online issue publication

January 08, 2022

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. This article is made freely available for use in accordance with BMJ’s website terms and conditions for the duration of the covid-19 pandemic or until otherwise determined by BMJ. You may use, download and print the article for any lawful, non-commercial purpose (including text and data mining) provided that all copyright notices and trade marks are retained.https://bmj.com/coronavirus/usage

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